Why do airlines collect statistics?

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Report of "Why do airlines collect statistics? Definition and illustration of how to use five different statistics to compare airlines.?

Twinsen, KC Wong

Student number 057075

(A) Why do airlines collect statistics? Define and show how to use five different statistics to compare airlines using some real examples.

This report will illustrate the reasons of airlines collection of statistics, definition of statistics, and comparison of airlines.

Statistics in aviation are significant for the aviation industry. Statistics in aviation are widely studied and applied by organizations, companies and other individuals; for example, aircraft manufactures, airlines, aviation organizations, governments and students. Using statistics can increase productivity, profitability, efficiency of marketing, revenue and other financial benefits. Many organizations and companies offer aviation statistics. There are the organizations, which provide statistics in aviation

?ICAO

?IATA

Also, government bodies offer statistics in aviation

?Department of Transport

?ABS

?BTEC

Moreover, statistics in aviation can also be found

?Aircraft manufacturers (for example, the Boeing company)

?Airline annual reports

?Other airlines analysis

Statistics in aviation are usually collected by the governments, airlines and other users with uniform and comprehensive financial and market statistical economic data on individual air carrier (airline) operations and the air transportation industry. Statistics in aviation can be easily found in the Internet. Visiting the websites of the above organizations and companies is available for collecting statistics in aviation.

The statistics in aviation are dreadfully useful for airlines. The statistics in aviation are useful for

?Measurement of performance in operational, financial, and combinations of both.

?Measurement of demand and supply

?Competition comparison and market sharing

Statistics is studied for the measurement of performance in operational, financial, and combinations of both. They are useful for airlines to maintain and improve the performance in operational and financial. Increase of revenues and efficiency would take place. Also, the study of aviation statistics is useful for measurement of demand and supply. For example, statistics take an important role for forecasting demand of a route. Airlines can increase the revenue and efficiency by forecasting the demand of a route. Furthermore, competition comparison and market sharing can be studied by statistics. Airlines can make decisions by considering or study of statistics. For instant, study of statistics is significant for the decision of adding a route. Since airlines should consider the competition and market sharing among other airlines, they should consider those factors before making a decision. Therefore, statistics are significant for aviation industry.

Statistics are utilized to compare airlines. Using five different statistics is able to compare airlines. They are

1.Aircraft operating characteristics

.The efficiency of marketing

.Productivity

4.Profitability

5.Revenue

Aircraft operating characteristics

Statistics of aircraft operating characteristics are studied to compare airlines. Airlines own a certain number of aircrafts to operate their services. Airlines usually own a number of different types of aircrafts. Aircrafts differ in their operating characteristics

?Size

?Operating range

?Speed

?Aircraft utilization

Size

In size, generally, the larger the aircraft the more expensive it is to operate. However, conversely in unit cost terms they are very cheap. Unit costs are the costs of producing a unit of production, for example, cost per ASK or cost per ATK. Simply, unit costs are calculated by dividing expenditure by ASK or ATK. Since large aircrafts have a large number of available seats and a large amount of power for freight loads, ASK and ATK would be large, results unit costs would be low. The definition of expenditure will be given later on.

Operating Range

Different types of aircrafts operate different ranges. Every aircraft has its limit of operating ranges. Airlines schedule their flights with considering their operating ranges. Long range operating aircraft flies a long range. The higher cost per ATK the shorter aircraft distance is.

The longer the distance the less fuel is being used per km.

Speed

Aircraft speed affects unit costs. Unit costs is affected by the effect on an aircraft's hourly productivity. Since hourly productivity is the product of the payload and the speed, the greater an aircraft's cruising speed the greater will be its output hour. Some elements of cost might be higher for a faster aircraft. Fuel consumption might be slightly higher. However, assuming other things are equal, the cost per tonne-kilometer for the faster aircraft would be lower.

Aircraft utilization

Aircraft utilization is a measurement the number of hours per day that the aircraft operates for its airline. It is important to collect this data since airline can find out the number of hours that they use their aircraft, which allows them to determine how often they fly to a particular destination. The higher this factor gets, the more efficient the aircraft is. Therefore, a higher output is created. As a result, a higher profit can be made. This also allows the airlines to keep as a record to determine when they should do their regular technical inspection, it helps better maintenance of the aircraft.

The graph above illustrates the statistics of aircraft utilization of Cathay Pacific Airways over the past 10 years. Obviously, it had been rising from , and stopped in 00. In 001, it was decreased.

Efficiency of marketing

Efficiency of marketing is considered for comparison of airlines. Marketing is involved in deciding what should be produced as swell as how it should be sold. The role of airline marketing is to bring together the supply of air services, which each airline can largely control, with the demand, which it can influence but not control, and to do this in a way which is both profitable and accomplishes the airline's commercial objectives. There are three items considered in efficiency of marketing

?Seat Factor

?Load Factor

?Yield

Seat factor

Seat factor is defined as passenger load factor, which is calculated by RPKs as a percentage of ASKs. Simply, seat factor is the percentage of passenger of seats. According to Singapore Airlines 001 Annual Report, the seat factor of SIA in 001was 74%. It was dropped down from 76.8% to 74% from 000 to 001.

Load factor

Load factor is defined as freight load factor, which is calculated by FTKs as a percentage of ATKs. In addition, FTKs is the number of revenue tonnes of freight multiplied by the distance flown, and ATK is the number of tonnes of capacity available for the carriage of revenue load (passengers and cargo) multiplied by the distance flown.

Yield

Yield is calculated by revenue dividing by RPK. The unit of yield is cent/RPK or cent/km.

Productivity

Productivity of an airline is measured by items

?Cost per ATK

?ATK per employee

?Aircraft utilisation

Cost per ATK

Cost per ATK is calculated by dividing operating cost by ATK. Operating cost is identified as Direct Operating Costs (DOC) and Indirect Operating Costs (IOC).

The above graph is the 10 years statistics of Cost per ATK Cathay Pacific Airways. Cost per ATK had been dropping down from , stopped in , rising since .

ATK per employee

ASK per employee is calculated by dividing ASK by the number of staff.

The graph above shows the ATK per staff cost in HKD ?00. Obviously, it has been increasing over these 10 years.

Aircraft utilisation

Aircraft utilisation has been given above.

Operating Cost

Structure of operating costs

Direct Operating Costs (DOC)

1.Flight operations

.Maintenance and overhaul

.Depreciation and amortization

Flight operations include

?Flight crew salaries and expenses

?Fuel and oil

?Airport and en route charges

?Aircraft insurance

?Rental/lease of flight equipment/crews

Maintenance and overhaul include

?Engineering staff costs

?Spare parts consumed

?Maintenance administration (could be IOC)

Depreciation and amortization include

?Flight equipment

?Ground equipment and property (could be IOC)

?Extra depreciation (in excess of historic costs)

?Amortization of development costs and crew training

Indirect Operating Costs (IOC)

1.Station and ground expenses

.Passenger services

.Ticketing, sales and promotion

4.General and administration

5.Other operating costs

Station and ground expenses include

Ground staff

Buildings, equipment, transport

Handling fees paid to others

Passenger services

Cabin crew salaries and expenses (could be DOC)

Other passenger service costs

Passenger insurance

Profitability

Profitability is defined as financial gain.

There are three significant factors which have an effect on profitability

?Seat factor

?Unit Revenue

?Unit Cost

There are several methods to improve profit

?Decrease unit costs

?Raise passenger yield

?Increase seat factor

Airlines can decrease unit costs by

oIncreasing aircraft seating capacity

oOperating bigger and/or more efficient aircraft

oReducing overhead costs

oIncreasing productivity of labour and equipment

Airlines can raise passenger yield by

oIncreasing fares

oImproving mix of fares

Airlines can increase seat factors by

oReducing capacity

oEliminating or reducing competition

oImproving schedules. i.e. increase efficiency

Unit Costs

Unit costs are the usual form of economic and comparative analysis. It is the costs of producing a unit of production. Unit cost is found by dividing expenditure by ASK or ATK. The unit is cents/ASK or cents/ ATK.

SIA Annual Report 001 shows that, unit cost in 001 was 7. cents/ASK.

Revenue

Revenue of airlines consist are income from

?Passenger traffic

?Passenger yield

?Freight load

?Freight yield

Passenger traffic

Passenger traffic is measured in number of passengers or RPK.

Passenger yield

Passenger yield is calculated by dividing passenger revenue (in cents) by RPKs. The unit is cents/km or cents/RPK. According to SIA Annual Report 001, the passenger yield of SIA dropped from .4 to .0 from 000 to 001 (in cents/km). SIA carried 14,765,000 passengers.

Freight load

Freight load is measured in amount of tonnes of cargo and mail carried. According to Cathay Pacific Airways Annual Report 001, the cargo and mail load factor in 001 was 67.%.

Freight yield

Freight yield is calculated by dividing freight revenue by ATKs.

Other sources can be part of revenue such as activities of finance, leasing, and charters.

The total revenues of SIA from 7 to 01 are

Year001-0000-011-0018-17-8

Total revenue ($ million),447.8,51.,018.87,85.87,81.8

Total revenue had been increasing rapidly from 7 to 8. However, from 00-01, it was dropped down from $,51.M to $,447.8M.

Conclusion

Statistics in aviation are collected by airlines. Aircraft manufactures, government bodies, aviation organizations and airline annual reports give statistics in aviation. Airlines collect statistics because airlines can study the measurement of performance in operational, financial and combinations of both. Also, they can measure the demand and supply by statistics. Moreover, airlines can measure competition comparison and market sharing.

Finally, to compare airline costs, statistics in aircraft operating characteristics, efficiency of marketing, productivity, profitability and revenue are considered.

Bibliography

Rigas Doganis, 11 "Flying Off Course, The Economics of International Airlines? Routledge

Singapore Airlines Annual Report 01/ 0

Cathay Pacific Airways Limited Annual Report 001

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To Thine Own Self be True

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Never be ashamed of who you are or where you came from. Always be true to yourself and others will be true to you. Dee always tried to be someone else. She was never truly satisfied with who she was. Dee had to go to college, have the nice clothes and associate with the right people. She distanced herself from her poor mother and sister. The story "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker is told by a mother who wishes her oldest daughter Dee would appreciate her and her young sister, Maggie. The mother tells of how Dee treats them as if they were ignorant and pathetic. Dee never appreciated the life her mother tried to provide. Dee didn't want to be recognized as poor black folks until her days in college when it became popular. Dee walked all over her mother and Maggie thinking she was much better than them. Dee's mother is tired of Dee's pompous attitude and lets her know that Maggie is the one who truly loves and appreciates what they have. The story is written in first person narrator. Dee's mother, the narrator of the story, is described as a large, hardworking, masculine black woman. The point of view affects the theme and emotions by helping me to be able to relate better to the narrator and by giving me a closer insight on the mother's feelings toward her daughters.

The mother in this story is a large, masculine woman who is hardworking. There was no mention of a man or husband in this story. She had to provide a living for her children, and in the 140's there were no modern day conveniences. "In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands" (10). If the burdens of life all fall on one person, the proof of their strength and determination would show in their hands.

As the mother shares her dreams and hopes of reconciliation with her daughter and the reality of what her life is really like, the emotions of the reader encompasses sympathy for the mother, annoyance of the self-righteous daughter, and compassion for the quiet, meek daughter, Maggie. I feel sympathetic towards the mother because all she really ever wanted was for Dee to appreciate the life she had made for her. Dee was tacky and snobbish to her mother's efforts, and nothing was ever good enough. In the story, the mother mentions how Dee truly feels about her and the life she lived. "She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks orchids are tacky flowers" (10). The flower symbolizes the way Dee feels about her life. The mother wants Dee to grow up and realize that she does not have to despise her upbringing. She just wants her to be happy and know the joy of having someone who loves her and cares for her. She wants Dee to say, Mama, I am sorry and thank you for everything you have done. She wants to be appreciated for all her hard work. I feel annoyed by Dee because of the way she treats her mother and sister. The quote that really jumps out and describes how disrespectful Dee is towards her mother is "Then she puts the Polaroid in the back seat of the car, and comes up and kisses me on the forehead" (1). When she kissed her mother on the forehead, she showed that she felt she was higher than her mother, and she felt sorry for her and for the way her mother lived. I feel complete compassion for Maggie. Her physical appearance alone makes me feel sensitive to her character "Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burned scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe" (0). Maggie envies the fact that Dee is outgoing and is not afraid to go for the things she wants.

From the mother's standpoint her struggles in life made her a stronger person, and she takes pride in all her accomplishments. The mother and Maggie truly did value their heritage, their loved ones and their heirlooms in their lives. On the other hand, Dee in her younger years looked at the things as embarrassing, and then later in life she viewed them as status symbols. Maggie and her mother saw the joy in their lives where as Dee was always looking for something better in life. Even in their meager surroundings, Maggie and her mother were happy. "And then the two of us sat there just enjoying, until it was time to go in the house and go to bed" (18). After Dee had left, things quieted down, and Maggie and her mother realized a sense of satisfaction with themselves even if Dee could not find it for herself.

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The author made a good choice on choosing the first person participant for this character because I felt her disappointment in her daughter, Dee. I feel that if the author had made the character first person observer I would not have related to the theme as I do now. The author gains closeness to reader.

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The australian and international regulatory framework of identifiable intangibles

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Australians move towards complying with International Accounnting Standards by January 005 provides some very tangible issues. The new accounting standards IAS 8 prohibits the recognition of internaly generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles and customers lists. The reasoning for this is based on the requirement of recognition an intangible sset at cost and that determining the cost of these items is not possible. the question we should be asking is will convergence with this IFRS on intangible assets result in improved financial reporting for a company to provide better information to an investor and therefore be in the best interest of Australian economy. In this regard, specify the australian and international regulatory framework and key disclosure aspects of identifiable intangible. Examine menthod used to value identifiable intangibles and evaluate them in the light of informaiton usefulness.Australians move towards complying with International Accounting Standards by January 005 provides some very tangible issues. The new accounting standards IAS 8 prohibits the recognition of internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles and customers lists. The reasoning for this is based on the requirement of recognition an intangible asset at cost and that determining the cost of these items is not possible. the question we should be asking is will convergence with this IFRS on intangible assets result in improved financial reporting for a company to provide better information to an investor and therefore be in the best interest of Australian economy. In this regard, specify the australian and international regulatory framework and key disclosure aspects of identifiable intangible. Examine method used to value identifiable intangibles and evaluate them in the light of information usefulness. Considering the definition of assets defined by Conceptual Framework describe what should take place in respect of recognition, measurement and disclosure of identifiable intangibles in financial reports

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Research methods

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INTRODUCTION

My level three dissertation is going to be a research in the car industry.

More specifically, the research is aiming in the manufacturing functions of some car companies. Automobile companies today are using a mass-production technology, to produce a large number of cars every day.

Employees that are working in the assembly line of a car are repeating the same tasks every time. This of course, can be boring and non-motivating for the employees and the low-level managers. The investigation will be based in the working motivation in the car-manufacturing employees. It is going to be a search about "in what extent the companies provide the most important motivational factors for employees in the particular industry, to achieve better performance in their job". The study is going to provide a good understanding for the reader about the aspects of motivation today in the industry and HRM aspects, as well as employee behaviors in the organization.

LITERATURE REVIEW/ THEORITICAL UNDERPINNING

The reading will be around the theories of motivation.

"Motivation generally, concerns what drives a person's choice of what to do, how hard to try, and how long to keep trying. It is a major factor to influence working performance."

To specify, the research, I am going to use Herzberg's -factor theory about motivational factors around the car manufacturing sections.

Frederick Herzberk theory has factors Hygiene theory and motivation

The first part of the motivation theory involves the hygiene theory and includes the job environment

•The company

•Its policies and its administrations.

•The kind of supervision which people receive while on the job

•Working conditions

•Interpersonal relations

•Salary, Status and Security

The second part of Herzberg's motivation theory involves what people actually do on the job

•Achievement

•Recognition

•Growth

•Interest in the job.

This theory is going to link the literature and the investigation in the car manufacturing research. To specify that, Herzbergs factor theory is going to be applied in the manufacturing function of car companies, so it will be tested in practical, and predict the behaviors. This is a theory about working motivation and it is an opportunity to see which are the most suitable motivational factors for the particular industry or at least, search the most favorable aspects. So this means that research is going to have a deductive approach, because using data tests the theoretical framework.

Furthermore, the motivation concept constituted from many authors views (theories), that accomplish each other or they can differ in an opposite way. So, except Herzbergs theory, which is the basic literature framework of the research, other theories of the subject related with the basic theory, should be used in the research.

The theories of motivation are separated in parts

Content theories theories that tell us about needs that might trigger motivation, but not about the process of motivation. Useful content theories for the research are, Maslow's hierarchies of needs theory, Maslow's theory , McClelland's need theory, McGegors theory and Hrzberg's theory are important.

On the other hand, the Process theories deal with the variables that explain the direction and the intensity of behavior. That kind of motivation theories is, Vroom's expectancy theory, Porter and Lawler's expectancy models, also Equty theory (Adams 165), Attribution theory and any implications that have been written about all the above theories should be considered.

But except motivation theories, HRM views should be studied such as Storey J., Mullins, Beardwell and Hollden, and also any useful aspect about job satisfaction, job redesign models, job enrichment, stress, management style, culture and groups.

All of the above theories are extensively researched to settle in their final point. This means that it will be not difficult to find related researches with the subject or any other secondary data to answer the research questions and meet the objectives as a re-analyzing the data that have been already collected.

In the search of secondary-data Internet searches will be useful for survey results like organization surveys, academic surveys organization employee attitudes, email questions etc.

Also multiple-source data that have been published like journals from business magazines, books, government publications, organization reports and everything that it is available in Luton's libraries.

Lastly, an important note is that the results from my survey, also the results from other surveys for example, as well as the relations of them with the literature review, should meet my research topic generally and settle in a clear answer for my research questions and objectives.

KEY FACTORS OR VARIABLES

At this part, the areas that the data are going to be collect according to literarature review, are data that should predict quotes the most important motivational factors for the employees in a company of the car industry, also data that they help the researcher to get familiar with the particular companies, policies, rules and procedures, also the employees view about this and general data that are going to predict their satisfaction with the working environment(hygince theory). On the other hand data that can predict the employees intrinsic feelings about their job (motivators).

Furthermore, areas like financial incentive like PRP (performance related pay), incentive rewards, job descriptions, style of management are really important factors and are going to be analyze. An important point here is that a performance measurement for manufacturing

E.g 00 cars every day, should be consider to predict the companies effectiveness to motivate their employees.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES RESEARCH QUESTION OR HYPOTHESIS.

As I said above my level-three dissertation will be a survey method in car manufacturing e.gvauxll, Rover, Nissan. The survey is a piece of research from some car companies as a sample that represents the hall industry.

The basic issue about this survey is motivation and more specifically the factors that affect the employee's effort on his/her job. From this point rises the research question "in what extent automobile companies provide motivational factors in their manufacturing sector, to achieve high performance for their employees?"

This study, is aiming to predict the degree (data analysis) that companies in the particular sector try to meet their company objectives with the employees needs extrinsic and intrinsic, to result in high performance.

So first of all a studying around motivation, job design, management will orient me to shape the data collection that should include views, attitudes and expectations that address as clearly as possible the research question. This doesn't mean that the data analysis is going to simplify only in the questions, but also comments, comparisons and suggestions with the help of literature review and the secondary data, should be use for a rich answer.

METHODOLOGY

First of all the use of both quantities and qualities data are appropriate for the survey. So the use of multi-method approach, by linking questionnaires and in-depth interviews to discover, explore and understand the facts in the industry.

Questionnaires

The type of questionnaires that I am going to use will be interviewer administrated and specifically structured interview, because I should come in contact with the workers to collect data about their opinions as an indication of the companies effectiveness to provide the motivational factors that they need to work. This means that I should design a questionnaire with the help of literature review of course, that is going to answer the majority's opinions about their working environment and also their intrinsic motivators. So I am going to photocopy the questionnaire and deal it to the chosen sample of workers.

This structure interview is more appropriate for the research because the questionnaire should be quite long and have a high response rate to predict a more convinced result. Questionnaires therefore, for descriptive researches, so I will able to identify the variability in different phenomena and their explanations. About the designement of the individual questions ranking questions seem to be the most suitable because answers come in a rank order so the most important factors sift. . Lastly specific and closed questions should be used to obtain specific information or opinion.

In-depth interviews

Moreover, in-depth interviews are important for the collection of qualitive data. That kind of questions will applied in a structured way as well, but with the expectations of qualities answers e.g. company policies in the particular subject, style of management etc. So the respondents should be supervisors, managers and general employees responsible for the workers. It might be possible to extent the respondents in a more upper-level because of the companies ethical issues.

The interviews should be qualitative like face-to-face interviews; if this is not possible I have to cut down in to telephone interviews or emails.

The kind of questions should be open questions that allow participants to define and describe a situation or event. Probing questions are appropriate because can be used to explore that are of significance to the research topic. Lastly specific and closed questions should be used to obtain specific information or opinion and here as well. These techniques seem to be appropriate because here I need a more describing view most for the management environment and compare it with the workers view to meet my research objectives.

For the implementation of this survey companies from the car industry are going to represent the sector. From these companies a selected population of 100 workers of the manufacturing from each company is appropriate to gather data for their favorable motivational factors and their views. Also a sample for each company that includes managers and other descriptive views about the company and its policies to motivate their employees. With that way a -factor hypothesis for both companies is created and as long as the prediction of the one factor (workers) step with the company that means that the company responds positive to the research question. The result and comparison for both companies represents in a way the research question for the hall sector.

The data analysis will be gathered from hopefully 10-0 overall population of both companies, so I definitely need a data analysis software such as "Snap" or SphinxSurvey" to handle them. I am going to present the quantitive data in bar charts or histograms for example and compare them and analyze them with the help of literature and secondary data. The qualitive data should be presented in an analyzing way rather than representing and analyzing through literature and secondary data and results as well.

TIME PLAN

•October thinking and settle down the idea

•November literature reading

•December defined objectives and research question.

•January starting data gathering

•February continue the above and starting analysis.

•March writing up analysis and formatting bibliography

•May Draft revised and submission.

BUDGET

The expenses for the particular project will depend in the area that the car companies are allocated. So money for traveling is required. Also money for any secondary data e.g Internet surveys, other reports etc. are going to be the most notably expenses.

References

•Research methods for business students second edition

Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill

•Research methods and Organization studies

Bryman. A

•Work Psychology nd edition understanding behavior in work place J. Arnold, G.I Cooper, Ivan Robertson

•Psychology at Work Lilly .M Berry nd edition

•Management and Organisational Behavior 5th edition.

Laurie J Mallins.

INTERNET

•www.member.nifty.HRM motivation

•www.geocitites.com

•www.accell.com

•www.ACME.employeesurvey.com

•www.the management school.com

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS ORG 5-

ACADEMIC YEAR 0001-00

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Can communication skills enhance your reputation as IT professional?

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CAN CLEAR COMMUNICATION ENHANCE YOUR REPUTATION AS IT PROFESSIONAL

the question whether clear communication enhances ones reputation as IT professional has been widely asked. it is an important question because it allows one to ascertain if communication really holds so much importance as to affect ones reputation. a number of arguments have been put forward to this question. this essay will consider arguments in favor of this issue.

the ability to communicate effectively has always been the hallmark of human civilization. it is this skill which distinguishes humans from animals. it is the same ability which allows one to be able to let the other person know of ones wants and needs, ones skills and abilities, aspirations, ambitions and character. dealing with people is probably the biggest problem one faces specially if one is in business. we meet a variety of people every day. with some we develop an instant rapport while with others we struggle. or in other words, we are able to make some persons like ourselves and the work we do but for others we remain anonymous. lets consider a businessman. the success of his work depends on how high his graph goes, how well he is able to persuade others to like and buy his product, how fine is his relation with his fellows. if this person is clueless in the fine art of effective communication, how will he attract the attention of his potential customers? on the other hand, if he is able to understand and get along with people and win others to his way of thinking then success is sure to kiss his feet.

a person with a great know-how of his profession is an asset. one can hire mere technical ability in engineering, accountancy, architecture or any other profession at nominal salaries. but the person who has technical knowledge plus the ability to espress ideas, to assume leadership, and to arouse enthusiasm among people-that person is headed for higher earning power.

being in the IT profession, ones genius in the subject cannot be given less importance. but what worth will this genius be if no one is able to appreciate it or be able to take advantage from it?

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Dissection: Think of the Frogs

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Dissection Think of the Frogs

"Every year, 5.7 million animals are used in secondary and college science classes" (Dissection, par1). This is very sad to consider when one takes into account the growing number of computer dissection simulations currently available to schools. These can teach the same things as physical dissections, but without the loss of life. A consideration that should be made when planning the coursework for classes that include animal dissection would be, "although dissection is often seen as a useful skill in itself this must be justified in terms of learning objectives and outcomes" (Predavec, par). When a person realizes that most dissections are performed only to teach basic physiology and anatomy to students who are not going into a field where they will be needed, and that most all students will forget practically everything of the dissection soon after it occurs, remembering mostly just the unpleasantness, this computer-based alternative should seem like a superior option.

Over the past years there have been an increasing number of students who wish to opt-out of dissections. For some students it is because of religious believes. For others it may be a moral issue of the rights of all living creatures. E-rat is a 'web-based interactive rat anatomy' program tested to determine how well students can learn through virtual dissections. In the test, performed in September 1, a group of 1 first-year undergraduate biology students in seven classes were randomly assigned to either E-rat or the conventional dissection. Four classes, a total of students, were assigned E-rat; the remaining three classes, 168 students, being assigned the physical dissection (Predavec, par16).

During the subsequent week, the students were given a question multiple choice quiz, with only one minute to complete each question. Several "statistical comparisons" were compiled from the results. The total mean scores for the two groups of students were compared to each other using what is called an unpaired t-test. Students who completed the E-rat program scored an average of 7.4 percentage points higher than those who completed the conventional dissection. The amount of time the students spent on the practical or traditional classes was also recorded. The result showed that "the more time a student spent on the practical class the greater the marks, with the marks for E-rat consistently higher across all times"(Predavec, par6). The students who used E-rat not only were better able to identify the structures in the program but also in the real dissected animal. In their comments a number of students remarked that the best thing about the E-rat program was 'the ability to work at their own pace and to revise the material a number of times' (Predavec, par).

A second program on the market teaches the dissection of a cat cadaver. These virtual dissection materials, used as part of the curriculum at the University of Sydney, are accompanied by text materials and have been fully integrated into the curriculum. Students are able to use actual cat cadavers, the virtual dissection program, or a combination of the two. While students completing both the physical and virtual dissections do well, it is noted that those who complete the physical dissection score higher if they use the virtual dissection in conjunction with it (Franklin, par6).

A Stanford-based virtual dissection program, Virtual Creatures, is another example of a dissection simulation. It explores ways to teach vertebrate biology through the use of computers. Their first program explores frog biology in a virtual environment where the user travels to different huts, each teaching a different aspect of frog biology (Hangad, par, par10). Although I know of no tests run to compare its effectiveness, this program also sounds like a rather good one. It is my opinion that this would be the preferred way to do animal dissection lab work. I feel that it is inappropriate to breed and raise small animals such as kittens and sheep and pigs for the sole purpose of killing and dissecting them. This is especially true when there are alternatives available that do not take the life of another living being.

As we can see, the reasons to use computer dissection programs are numerous. Animals do not have to be slaughtered for use, there are no distracting and unpleasant odors, and the dissection can be reviewed or performed in any order. Another positive aspect is that the organs are their natural colors as opposed to the uniform brown that tends to be a result of the preserving of actual specimens. There is no loss in what is learned, as students seem to actually learn more. Computer-based programs seem like a wonderful teaching aid, and it is my hope that more schools adopt the use of virtual dissection programs.

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Looking for Alibrandi

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Looking for Alibrandi - Study Notes Part 1 - (Part 1 - Part )

Josephine Alibrandi, a Catholic girl, narrates the novel in her final year of High school. She attends St Marthas, a wealthy catholic school in Sydneys eastern suburbs. Her academic scholarship ensures her place at the school as she is not as well off as the population of largely wealthy Anglo-Celtic girls that attend the school. Her Italian origin has been the reason for much persecution toward her in her life. Her background against the monied origins of her peers also provides much source of angst for Josie.

She lives in the inner-city suburb of Glebe with her single mother, who takes care of her. Their rather small dwelling is the source of some embarrassment for Josie.

Josie is essentially on a journey of discovery throughout the novel. This journey reveals much about herself, her family and the many lessons that she is yet to learn in her life. Her search for her own cultural identity is coupled with her struggle as a poor student among many wealthy ones.

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Josephine also has a number of self-esteem issues that manifest themselves throughout the novel in her perceptions of the world. These issues are further complicated by her family situation. Issues that are dealt with include

Role of The Family

Josie is searching to discover the true nature of her family history. She comes to learn that much of what she has been told in incorrect. A number of issues that both she and her mother deal with are explained by some of her family circumstances.

Her grandmother, father and mother all have a significant amount to teach her about herself and about herself. Each in their own way has the power to impart some personal experience that will assist Josie in her journey. She does come to learn, however, that these realisations can do much harm. Overall, however, her journey in regard to her family is a cathartic experience that solves many issues she was forced to deal with.

Josies father, Michael Andretti, has only recently come back into life. He is introduced to us in Chapter six. While Josies mother was still pregnant he left Sydney for Adelaide. He return comes with the assertion that he does not want a complication in his life and again he seems to be deserting Josie. She confronts him about this, and his attitude does not win her affection. It seems that Michael cannot provide to Josie what she needs - a stable father figure that might help her to make sense of her own identity and unique set of circumstances.

However, later in Chapter 8, Michael comes to her aid and she feels proud to have him walk alongside her. Josie has long craved this feeling and her father finally provides it to her. Their relationship continues to grow stronger throughout the novel, and he tells her that If I had to choose a daughter, I would have chosen you. This remark, combined with his attitude seems to reaffirm his postion is her life. He proposes that she comes live with him in Balmain and that she becomes his adopted daughter. She is prepared to consider a name change, yet her journey of discovery dictates that she cannot leave her mother and live with Michael. He provides only part of the answer in her journey, and she realises that she cannot desert her mother.

Josies grandfather, Francesco had a unique situation with his wife - Josies Nonna. Being from Italy (the old country), it was customary for arranged marriages to be set up by ones parents. This is the situation that nonna found herself in. However, she committed adultery, and had a child that was not fathered by Francesco. This child was Josies mother, and Francesco always resented her. While Josie never met him, she was aware of the coolness between her mother and him, and of the unusual situation between him and her grandmother.

This realisation of Josies leads her to question the moralistic teachings of her grandmother, considering her sinful past. Josie views this as hypocrisy on the part of her grandmother, however we the readers are left to wonder if nonnas hypocrisy is a way of making up for her past sins, and a way of easing the pain of her failed marriage and the problems that have occurred in her family as a result. Josie comes to realise that many family situations tend to be passed from generation to generation and that her mother is not to blame entirely for her own situation.

While Josie does make a great many discoveries about her family situation, she still remains unaware of many of the hardships that her mother had faced in her own life. Josie reacts badly to her mother seeing a man, and we can see that she still has much to learn. A journey of discovery inevitably involved ones family, and the issue that one discovers can often be painful as much as cathartic. This is because many of the issues open up wounds that may have otherwise not been disturbed.

Please note that this sample paper on Looking for Alibrandi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Looking for Alibrandi, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Looking for Alibrandi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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