Biology

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Abstract. Yeast is distributed to bakeries, breweries and local stores in large quantities. Two cultures were evaluated in an attempt to figure out which one was contaminated with antibiotics. Both cultures were tested with the use of a hemocytometer. Which culture was Infected with the antibiotics did not make a difference because antibiotics attack bacteria, and yeast is not bacteria.

Introduction

The usage of a clean hemocytometer was mandatory in order to obtain accurate and legitimate readings and counts of the cells. The hemocytometer's chamber was filled with the yeast from Culture A and then the process was repeated with the yeast from Culture B. The culture had to be drawn from the beaker with extreme caution, for if the yeast cells that were extracted were homogenous or else the results of the experiment would be inaccurate. Capillary action draws the contents from the pipette into the hemocytometer's chamber and so the liquid is not spill out and onto the slide. The fact that no liquid spilled onto the slide was important because if such happened the cell count of the hemocytometer would be tainted.

Culture A

Figure 1

The numbers in this diagram show the cell count that was obtained from Culture A. The numbers that are shown on the outside of the main central four quadrants are the numbers that pertain to the cell count of culture A. It is noticeable that the numbers seen here are higher than the numbers for the cell count of culture B. An assumption can be made that culture A was no the culture infected with antibiotics because the cell count for this culture is higher. If this culture was the one that had been infected there should have been a yield of cells and the number in the cell count should have dropped. In order to prove this hypothesis the total number of cells for culture B must be accumulated and a conclusion must be reached.

Culture B

Figure

The numbers seen in this figure are the total number of cells that were counted with the use of the hemocytometer and the microscope. Here the difference between the cell count of culture A and culture B becomes more obvious. It can be concluded that the cell count for Culture A was much higher than that of Culture B. Now it has become easy to identify that Culture B was in fact the culture that was contaminated with the antibiotics. This culture shows that the number of cells have yielded, and therefore, the total number is much more lower.

Conclusion

The initial hypothesis was that the contamination of an unspecified culture with antibiotics would not affect the cell count of the yeast. After extensive experimentation this initial hypothesis was proven to be wrong. Antibiotics do indeed cause a reaction in Culture B.

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Lack of Adequate and Affordable forLow-Income Families in Wichita, Kansas

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The demand for good-quality and affordable child care has increased in the wake of welfare reform, as many low-income families have entered the workforce and confronted difficulties arranging, paying for and sustaining the continuity of child care. Infant-toddler child care is scarce in most communities across the state, particularly in low-income communities. It is also expensive. Even with the increased availability of child care subsidies, many low-income families face difficulties paying for care. And, although the quality of child care can be a critical influence on the well being of infants and toddlers, finding good-quality infant-toddler child care can be especially challenging for low-income families.

Low-income families face many barriers in finding and maintaining adequate child care, which affects their employment. The problems facing welfare families as they arrange child care-low wages, nonstandard hours or changing hours, and inflexible schedules-also confront working poor families who do not receive welfare.

"Three features of child care appear to influence the employment of low-income parents (1) the availability of child care, because young children cannot be left unsupervised; () the cost of child care, which makes employment less attractive because the earnings are effectively reduced by the cost of care; and () the quality of the available care." (Kisker and Ross 10)

Cheap University Papers on Lack of Adequate and Affordable forLow-Income Families in Wichita, Kansas

Limited choices due to cost or location constraints lead to low-income families settling on poorer quality child care arrangements. Consistent with their limited range of child care options, poor single mothers are less satisfied with the child care they use than other mothers.

Parents and professionals have advanced various definitions of quality, but most stress that high-caliber programs ensure that children are safe, healthy and appropriately stimulated. Good programs provide responsive care by consistent, well-qualified caregivers, allowing the children to form secure attachments to nurturing adults. They offer engaging, appropriate activities for young children in settings that aid healthy growth. Quality child care also takes into account the strengths and needs of the families and communities. Poor parents may define a threshold for the quality of their children's child care arrangements in terms of a basic level of safety and trustworthiness, and discontinue their work-related activities if they cannot find and maintain arrangements that they believe exceeds their threshold. According to the article "Welfare to Work Analysis and Recommendations", research on the quality of child care in the United States indicates that parents' fears are not unfounded some 1% of the centers and 5% of private homes caring for children were judged by researchers to be inadequate and even harmful to children. (Larner, Terman, Behrman 11-1) The fears of mothers with infants are especially intense, since their babies cannot complain if they are mistreated during the day.

Quality of care may influence employment in several ways parents may be reluctant to leave their child in a low-quality, unsafe environment or with adults who do not provide a stimulating environment for their child. This may be a particular problem for lower-income families, who have more limited choices of providers. In contrast, a safe, warm, stimulating environment may encourage employment and longer hours of work. Parents may also become more effective employees if they do not have concerns about the environment in which their children spend a good part of each working day. Having well cared-for children may also lead to employees with higher productivity than those whose children are left in less satisfactory environments. Parents would be more likely to be on time to work and less likely to miss time from work.

"In the words of John DeShano, President, Levi Strauss & Co (Canada) Inc., 'Today's workers are raising tomorrow's work force. But the responsibility for equipping young people with the skills and knowledge they need to build productive, independent lives should not be born by parents alone. All of us businesses, government, educators and the community must share the commitment. For in today's' intensively competitive market place where knowledge and creativity are the engines of economic growth we all have a direct stake in the education and development of our children." (Pruissen)

"The desired outcome of the child care policy of the state of Kansas is that families be able to fulfill their roles as primary child care givers and education of young children by having access to high-quality, affordable child care." (Kansas Social and Rehabilitation Services) The following principles shall guide the development and implementation of state policy to achieve that outcome. A stable source of child care is a critical ingredient to families' economic self-sufficiency. Child care policies must smooth the progress into the workforce for parents and a rich and stable environment for children. Child care is a critical investment that affects a child's readiness to learn. Policies and programs must be responsive to the changing needs of families and educate them about available options, identifying quality programs and selecting appropriate care. High quality care must be available to any family seeking care regardless of where the family lives of the special needs of the child and must be available on a sliding scale basis, with families contributing based on ability to pay.

There is an insufficient supply of available child care slots in low-income neighborhoods, which contributes to long waiting lists. There is a short supply of child care providers who satisfy the need for part time hours only or nontraditional hours that are typically between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., care for sick children or care for children with special needs. Many low-income parents lack paid family and medical leave that they can use for a sick child. Sick child care is critical for supporting employment. KidKare, which was a program sponsored by Via Christi Regional Medical Center St. Francis that provides day care to sick children who are too ill to attend regular day care or go to school, has closed their doors as of October 1, 00. "Via Christi has determined that it is no longer economically feasible to continue offering this service", said Roz Hutchinson. Many low-income families rely on relatives to provide child care due to limited choices due to cost and location constraints.

Cost is also a major concern when choosing quality child care. Without access to subsidies, they cannot afford to pay for regulated care, which places a substantial financial burden on working families. Many good-quality child care centers do not accept a state child care subsidy, which limits the choices to low income parents. Child care expenses are often the second or third largest item in a low-income family's household budget. According to The State of America's Children "At annual costs ranging from $,000 to $8,000 a year per child for a four-year old in urban child care centers and comparable costs for children elsewhere, child care is financially burdensome for most families." According to Kansas Kids Count Book of 00, "0 percent of the children between the ages of -4 are living below the poverty line in Sedgwick County" and "child care availability rate for children under the age of 1 is 5. percent." Lack of sufficient information about availability and value of specific child care arrangements presents a problem for low-income families. Language barriers prevent some families from accessing consumer information. Information regarding child care options and subsidies to pay for them can be difficult for parents to obtain due to many families are not aware that the Child Care Association of Wichita Sedgwick County exists and is there to assist families in finding child care. Kansas faces constraints in providing adequate consumer education, including large caseloads, long waiting lists, and reliance on printed materials. According to the Social and Rehabilitation Services (SRS), "average number of children assisted on a monthly basis was 15,1" through the child care Subsidy Program.

Much research has been done on the quality of child care and the outcomes. However additional work is needed because there is little doubt that the quality of child care needs improving. State legislators, agencies, and organizations need to consider the following to move forward in improving the quality. Providing support for new family child care providers and child care center by offering start up grants or loans to child care providers to increase the supply of regulated child care. Recruit and train new child care providers and guide them through the licensing process. Setting up a revolving loan fund to provide low-cost, short-term loans to help cover the cost of minor renovations in child care facilities and small-group day care homes or for the development of new child care facilities. Set up a system of tiered reimbursement to promote increases in certain types of care such as during nonstandard hours or for part time hours. Under these systems, set higher rate ceilings for specific types of care that is more expensive to provide and that are often in short supply such as evening care. For example, the city could provide an incentive of 10 percent more for evening care and 15 percent for care provided overnight, on weekends and during holidays. These are solutions to the issue of insufficient supply.

To address the issue of the cost, state legislators and the community need to get involved. State legislators need to investigate the income guidelines that are used to qualify low-income families for The Child Care Subsidy Program that provides subsidized child care to a diverse set of families. Currently a family must be "185% below the federal poverty level" to qualify for assistance. For a family of four this equates to an annual income of $,65, which averages approximately $,71 before taxes. Social and Rehabilitation Services does not take into account the amount of your living expenses in addition to the cost of child care.

The lack of good-quality child care continues to be a critical issue for this community. Training is one of the most common strategies for enhancing the quality. Provide ongoing training on quality and safety issues to licensed child care providers. Provide training workshops to neighbor and relative caregivers on such topics as child development, working with families and parents, and health and safety issues. Provide neighbor and relative caregivers with support networks to improve the quality of care they provide.

The improvement of the quality of child care can be accomplished with these policy changes. Strengthening standards and regulations for child care and programs by setting standards for quality caregiving, monitor the extent to which quality caregiving exists, and provide incentives and consequences for meeting these standards. Require initial and ongoing training for staff working in child care programs. Recruit and retain more highly educated and skilled staff with higher wages, benefits, and improved working conditions. Inform parents about the importance of quality child care and its effects on children. Identify ways to support the cost of higher quality child care which will require more money. State legislators, advocacy groups, providers and consumers need to work together to develop a package of incentives and supports that make high quality attractive to providers and consumers alike and create the conditions so that quality is affordable.

When people say they have a problem finding reliable child care, they may mean they have a problem finding quality care at a price they are willing or able to pay. Poor mother are often unable to pay for child care in order to look for work. Many young mothers who are not employed have difficulty obtaining child care which is the major reason they are unable to enter the workforce. Paying for child care is not a realistic long-term option for most poor families, and this has restricted child care that is available to them.This implies a "catch-" situation with out child care, they can not look for work and without work they can not pay for child care. Changes to the nation's welfare system enacted under the 16 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, have ushered more mothers into the workforce in recent years. As increasing numbers of women have moved by necessity of choice into the workforce, the need for affordable high-quality child care has become critical. Unfortunately, this need goes unmet and each week countless numbers of children spend time in inadequate, or even dangerous, child care settings. Works Cited

Children's Defense Fund. The State of America's Children. Beacon Press. 1

Hutchinson, Roz. Personal Interview. Nov. 00

Kansas Action for Children and The University of Kansas School of Social Welfare. Kansas Kids

Count. 001 http//www.socwel.ukans.edu/~kidcount/

Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Kansas Laws and Regulations for Licensing Day

Care Homes and Group Day Care Homes for Children. 65-58

Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. Social and Rehabilitaiton Services 00

Finger-tip Facts A legislator's guide to SRS

Kisker, Ellen E. and Christine M. Ross. "Arranging Child Care". The Future of Children 7

10. Spring 17.

Larner, Mary, Donna Terman, and Richard Behrmna. "Welfare to Work Analysis and

Recommendations". The Future of Children 7. 11-1. Spring 17.

Pruissen, Catherine. "Quality Child Care Matters". Child Care Online.

http//www.childcare.net/parents/importantmessages/qualitychildcarematters.html

Larner, Mary, Donna Terman, and Richard Behrmna. "Welfare to Work Analysis and

Recommendations". The Future of Children 7. 11-1. Spring 17.

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Extinct Animals

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Extinct Animals

(1) dodo n., an extinct flightless bird, once a native of the island of

Mauritius. Discovered 158, extinct by 1681.

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In the year 158 AD, Portuguese sailors landing on the shores of the island of Mauritius discovered a previously unknown species of bird, the

Dodo. Having been isolated by its island location from contact with humanity, the dodo greeted the new visitors with a child-like innocence.

The sailors mistook the gentle spirit of the dodo, and its lack of fear of the new predators, as stupidity. They dubbed the bird dodo (meaning

something similar to a simpleton in the Portuguese tongue). Many dodo were killed by the human visitors, and those that survived man had to

face the introduced animals. Dogs and pigs soon became feral when introduced to the Mauritian eco-system. By the year 1681, the last dodo

had died, and the world was left worse with its passing.

he dodo bird, historically, has been viewed as a rather plump bird, weighing approximately 0- kilograms. Grey in colour, the dodo is

quite distinct from the solitaire (a relative of the dodo which lived on the island of Reunion.) The dodo had a large, hooked beak, and a plume

of white feathers adorned the rear of the dodo. What distinguishes the dodo from many other birds is not just its size, but that it was flightless.

Despite its large build, the dodo had small, weak wings which could not lift it into the air. Thus it was easy prey to the Portuguese invaders

who would club the bird to death as it approached them seeking friendship.

() Saber Toothed Cats

LONG- AGO CAT

Two million years ago, the Earth began to get very

cold. The Ice Age had begun. Then, starting about

5,000 years ago, lots of huge mammals came into

being- - creatures such as giant sloths, mammoths, and

mastodons. One of their fiercest predators was the

saber- toothed cat. Many species (kinds) of cats with

long, saber- like teeth lived during the Ice Age. (A

saber is a heavy sword with a slightly curved blade.)

These animals could be found everywhere except

Australia and Antarctica. Scientists used to call these

cats saber- toothed tigers. But the cats were only

distant cousins of modern tigers. In fact, theyre not like

any big cat living today.

BUILT LIKE A TRUCK

Saber- toothed cats werent as tall or as long as an

African lion. But they weighed just as much! Because of

their hefty size, these cats couldnt run fast over a long

distance. But no problem- - their weight was great for

overpowering big, slow prey such as giant sloths and

even baby mastodons and mammoths! The cats back

legs were built for springing. So scientists think the cats

hid and waited for prey to come by- - and then pounced.

BELLY BUSTERS

Lions and many other cats attack prey by biting the back

of the preys neck. But the saber- toothed cats probably

grabbed their prey with their powerful forelegs and

paws. Then they pushed or pulled it over and chomped

down on its throat or belly (see drawing at right).

DAGGERS AND CHOMPERS

Some scientists think the cats 6-inch (15-cm) sabers

were as dull as butter knives at their tips. But the

scientists also think the cats used them to puncture their

preys thick hides. How? First, a cats jaws opened

super wide. Then strong muscles in the animals head,

neck, and shoulders rammed the sabers down into the

prey. Scientists arent sure if the cats killed by stabbing

over and over again, or by stabbing and then tearing

chunks of flesh from their prey. The cats small front

teeth might have punched a row of holes in the flesh.

That would have made the flesh easier to tear- - like

pulling sheets of paper from a spiral- bound notebook.

LIVED LIKE A LION

Fossils show that saber- toothed cats often survived

even after they had been badly wounded. How did they

get enough to eat when they were too hurt to hunt? Like

lions, the cats probably lived in groups- - and ate

leftovers from prey that the other cats had killed.

BYE- BYE, BIG CAT

At the end of the Ice Age- - about 10,000 years ago- -

the climate slowly got warmer. Different kinds of plants

began to grow, turning forests to plains. Some scientists

think the big cats prey could not live as well there and

finally died out. Other scientists think people killed off

the cats prey. Either way, the cats were soon gone too.

These magnificent animals have been extinct for a long

time. But scientists are still finding out lots of lively

things about them!

() Quagga

Subspecies of the plain zebra with a withers of 1.0 m, for meat and leather by South African farmers root out, also they were seen by the settlers as

competitors for the grazing of the lifestock, mainly sheep and goats. The last free quagga was killed in South Africa in 1878 and the last zoo-quagga died at

Amsterdam Zoo on 1 August 188.

Formerly they thought that the quagga was a separate species (Equus quagga), but after examination of DNA in the 180s, which revealed that the quagga is a

subspecies (Equus burchelli quagga) of the plain zebra (Equus burchelli). A selective breeding programme whitt plain zebras was started in 187. This aims to

retrieve the quagga genes, and to eventualy produce individuals that will be comparable to the extinct quagga.

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Shockz

If you order your cheap custom essaysfrom our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Shockz. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Shockz paper right on time.

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The definition of terrorism is as follows -

ter•ror•ism n.- The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.

Now decide for yourself if this constitutes terrorism, the full story can be found under sources at the bottom of my article.

The Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty group, or SHAC, is a group of animal rights activists advocating that the Huntingdon Life Services, a medical/science research lab, be shut down because they experiment with rats and monkeys. Since they will not be able to shut down such a lab, they have gone on a vendetta to do the next best thing. Bankrupt it. Not a terrorist cell yet, but listen to some of their tactics. The have visited, and protested, the homes of Huntingdon employees, harassed the neighbours of employees, dumped red paint on buildings, and slashed tires of employees cars. This is the part that irked me, and ended any hope of SHAC gaining my support, like they would get it anyway. According to MSNBC, SHAC members broke into and vandalized the home of one employee and left this note

Help with essay on Shockz

"You can install all of the motion sensor lights in the world and it won't make a difference. We've been in your house ... We've 'bumped' into you at Costco. You've given us the time while in line at Bank of America. ... We've been watching you and your family."

Okay, let's review the definition of terrorism and then continue.

"Unlawful or threatened use of force" - well they tried to bankrupt a science/medical lab

"or violence" - they stalked an employee and threatened her and her family

"by a person or organized group" SHAC sounds organized to me

"against people or property"- they harassed employees.

"With the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments"- they want to bankrupt a medical/science lab

"often for ideological or political reasons." - ideological reasons. They don't want people to experiment with animals.

6 out of 6, SHAC are a terrorist group in my book.

This is not whether you believe in more animal rights or not, this is at what point protest becomes terrorism. If I was the woman who was stalked by the SHAC members I would be terrorized. If I were in my home and SHAC protesters marched around with signs in my front yard, I would be terrorized. If animal rights activist can get away with this, then any special interest group can get away with it. Considering the number of special interest groups in the U.S., we would live in a constant state of terror if we let this type of "protest" to be allowed, and that is unacceptable.

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Albert einstein

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a famous scientist, writer and professor. He was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 4,187. As a child, Einstein wasnt like the other boys he hated school but loved math. He was shy, and talked very slowly. He didnt participate in sports but instead played with mechanical toys, put together jigsaw puzzles, built towers and studied nature. At school and home he would ask many questions and because of that everybody thought he was dumb. Once when he was sick in bed, his father Herman, bought him a compass; and Albert asked Why does the needle point to the north? His father didnt know the answer. Herman was calm, friendly and had a black mustache. Einstein also had a brother, Jakob. Studied electrical machinery firm financed by the Kocks. Pauline, Einsteins mother was a cultured women and an excellent pianist. Pauline encouraged Einstein to study the violin along with his scientific ambitions. There was a strong physical resemblance between Einstein and his younger sister Maja, and the two had a close relationship throughout their lives. Maja, also a pianist, married Paul Winteler Einstein childhood friend, Paul Winteler, in 110 and later moved to the United States. When Einstein was older, he invented electric eye. He also was asked to be the president of Israel, but he refused. When Einstein was a teen-ager he was very interested in science. When he wanted to relax he would play the violin which he started playing at the age of six. The kocks, his mothers family, and the Einstein had lived in Southern Germany for more than a century, selling cloth, farming, and clerking in banks. During their free hours they enjoyed boating on the Danube and walking in the woods. Both families were Jewish . In 1880, when Albert was one year old, his fathers business failed and the family moved to Munich, the capital of Bavaria A heavily catholic city, it featured art galleries, breweries and a university. Einsteins father Herman. managed an electrical machinery firm which was financed partly by the Kock family. Einsteins mother Pauline, was a cultured woman and excellent pianist. She was 11 years younger than her husband. Pauline not only motivated her son to encouraged his scientific ambitions. When Einstein was fifteen, his fathers business failed again, and the family relocated in Italy, Milan. Einstein stayed behind to complete his education, but soon was asked to live school. He eventually joined his family in Italy. His parents continued to support his scientific interests, however enabling him to study at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, or Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich. At the institute, Einstein met a petite, dark-haired Mileva Maric, who excelled in mathematics. Albert and Mileva were married on January 6, 10. Although the couple had two sons, Mileva was dissatisfied with her life. She wanted either a career in her husbands work. After many years of disagreement, the couple divorced in 11, and Mileva became a university teacher of mathematics. Einstein kept in touch with her and his sons, and in the early 0s, he gave Mileva his entire forty-five thousand dollars Nobel Prize. Hans Albert, Einsteins older son, developed a good relationship with his father. He became a good engineer, and when Einstein moved to United States in 1, Hans Albert visited him often, ultimately setting here with his own family. Einstein younger son Eduard, began reading Shakespeare at the age of five. He got his father permission to concentrated on music and literature but did not achieve success. Eduard later accused his father of ruining his life a nervous breakdown. Although Einstein rushed to Switzerland when Eduard became ill, neither he nor the psychiatrists were able to help. Eduard lived with his mother until her death, when he was placed in a mental institution. Einstein also proved that matter and energy are really different forms of the same thing, which is the Special Theory of Relativity. Einsteins General Theory of Relativity showed that gravity, too, is relative. Gravity is the force that attracts two bodies of matter toward one another. This theory explained that a person gaining speed would feel a force exactly like the pull of gravity. In a spaceship without windows, that person would not be able to tell if the ship had started too move faster, or if it were being pulled by gravity from planet of star. In 1. Einstein had doubts about whether an atomic bomb could really be made. ON August 6, 145, the United states dropped an atomic bomb on Japan. Since this Einstein had believed the conflict could be settled without restorting to such a terrible weapon. Oh weh! he gasped. It was cry of sorrow that went beyond words. On August , the United states drop a second bomb on Japan, ending war. A new historical atomic age, had been born, and no one knew better than Einstein the threat it posed to human survival. For the rest of his life, he worked to make sure the bomb would never be used again. He served in committees to inform the public about atomic energy and the growing danger of weapons development. In 105 Einstein proposed his Special Theory of Relativity. According to this theory, people view time and space differently, depending on their positions relative, or in relation, to one another. For example, To a person standing at the exact midpoint between two lamps, those lamps might appear to flash at the same time. But a person passing by very quickly in a train would see one lamp flash before the other. This happens because the light from one lamp would reach that person before the light from other lamp. Time, then would be different for the two people. Einstein had many opportunities to speak out about causes in which he believed. One of those causes was Zionism, the movement to create the Jewish nation of Israel. Another was world peace. Many times he urged the nations of the world to get rid of their weapons. Einstein is remembered as a great scientist who worked hard to make the world a better place for all people. Word Count 100

Doroteo Aranga learned to hate aristocratic Dons, who worked he and many other Mexicans like slaves, Doroteo Aranga also known as Pancho villa hated aristocratic because he made them work like animals all day long with little to eat. Even more so, he hated ignorance within the Mexican people that allowed such injustices. At the young age of fifteen, Aranga came home to find his mother trying to prevent the rape of his sister. Aranga shot the man and fled to the Sierra Madre for the next fifteen years, marking him as a fugitive for the first time. It was then that he changed his name from Doroteo Aranga to Francisco Pancho Villa, a man he greatly admired. Upon the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution of 110-111 against the Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz, Villa offered his services to the rebel leader Francisco I. Madero. During Madero's administration, he served under the Mexican general Victoriano Huerta, who sentenced him to death for insubordination. With his victories attracting attention in the United States, Villa escaped to the United States. President Woodrow Wilson's military advisor, General Scott, argued that the U.S. should support Pancho Villa, because he would become the George Washington of Mexico. In August of 114, General Pershing met Villa for the first time in El Paso, Texas and was impressed with his cooperative composure; Pancho Villa then came to the conclusion that the U.S. would acknowledge him as Mexico's leader. Following the assassination of Madero and the assumption of power by Huerta in 11, he returned to join the opposition under the revolutionary Venustiano Carranza. Using hit and run tactics, he gained control of northern Mexico, including Mexico City. As a result, his powerful fighting force became La Division Del Norte. The two men soon became enemies, however, and when Carranza seized power in 114, Villa led the rebellion against him. By April of 115, Villa had set out to destroy Carranzista forces in the Battle of Celaya. The battle was said to be fought with sheer hatred in mind rather than military strategy, resulting in amass loss of the Division del Norte. In October of 115, after much worry about foreign investments, in the midst of struggles for power, the U.S. recognized Carranza as President of Mexico. When Pancho Villa learned of this he felt betrayed by President Wilson and assumed Carranza had signed a dangerous pact with the U.S., putting Mexico in United States' hands. As a result, this set the stage for a confrontation between the U.S. and Pancho Villa. Hence, the United States put an embargo on Villa, not allowing him to purchase guns, ammunition, equipment, etc., in American border towns. His transactions were, thus, made illegal, which automatically doubles his price. Considering his shortages, troops through harsh terrain to Aagua Prieta. Villa assumed it would be poorly protected and by capturing it, he would create a buffer zone with the U.S. to transport arms in his campaigning efforts. Too his surprise, Agua Prieta was heavily protected, because Wilson had allowed Carranza to transport 5000 Mexican troops to American soil, which had arrived before Villa. The trains of soldiers forced Villa's tired horseback troops into retreat. The U.S. was delighted when Carranza declared Villa done for good. Consequently, Carranza invited old U.S. investors (from before the Revolution) to invest again. On March th 116, Villa crossed the border with about 600 men and attacked Columbus, NM killing 17 American citizens and destroying part of the town. Because of the growing discrimination towards Latinos, the bodies of Mexicans were gathered and burned as a sanitary precaution against Mexican diseases. A punitive expedition, costing the U.S. about twenty-five million dollars, dispatched and about 150,000 troops to be mobilized in efforts to capture Pancho Villa, who was now known as a bandit in U.S. territory and a hero to many in Mexico. The Tenth Cavalry, which was made up of African-Americans and headed by Anglo-American officers, were labeled the Buffalo Soldiers because they were tough men who would punish the Mexicans. This was first time the United States used heavily armored vehicles and airplanes, which in turn served as a practice run before W.W.II. General John Joseph Blackjack Pershing had already earned a respectable name in the U.S. with his service in the Apache campaign, Therefore, he was assigned to head the Punitive Expedition, an attractive assignment. His mission objective, as he understood it, was to bring Villa in dead or alive. On March 16th, the New York Times reported, When Word Was Given, All Were After Villa. The expedition included new machinery, which the American people were not familiar with yet. Tanks weighing up to four tons, along with the production of trucks and planes, were the reason for the deaths of many American soldiers who did not know how to operate them. None-the-less, Pershing ordered many pilots to board and land as he wished. Villa's troops did not have uniforms, so wherever American troops traveled, they paralleled the route. Hence, their survival was based on their familiarity with the land. Towards the end of March, Pershing established his headquarters 15 miles south of Chihuahua. Pershing realized how strong Pancho Villa's countrymen supported him and his raids, when he was met with dramatic hostility and resentment. In actuality it is ostensibly logical to believe that the hostility was due to fear of foreign powers on their territory. Most of the blood spills were amongst townspeople and Carranzista troops, because Pershing's troops never caught sight of Villa. On the second day of April of 116, Pershing received word of what was supposed to be Villa's hiding place. Major Hank Tomkins, commander of the thirteenth cavalry was ordered to Parral, which is about 410 miles south of the U.S. border. This was the deepest penetration of U.S. troops into Mexico to look for Villa. The townspeople responded by saying that the Americans were invading them and Mexican families. When two tired American soldiers decided to bathe in a public fountain of the humble and conservative, town, the children began to throw stones at them. As the chaos grew into an uproar, the Mexican people began to retaliate and shots fired. Carranzista troops trying to stay away to avail battle, were not too far off and joined the retaliation. The American troops retreated sixteen miles way in a small village. With the death of a few Americans, Pershing was outraged and decided to counterstroke. In support, the American people demanded a full-scale invasion of Mexico. Within two months, more than 150,000 troops were on active duty from Texas to California; this was the largest military duty since World War I. After many weeks, Mexico began to pressure Carranza more decisively against the Punitive Expedition. Carranza, claiming Pancho Villa was no longer a dangerous threat, formally demanded the retreat of American troops. Wilson refused, which lead to a full-scale war between Mexico and the United States. On the morning of June 18th, 116, the commander of the tenth cavalry arrived in a small town named Carrizal, saying they would have to pass through the town to reach their ordered destination. Carranza refused, proclaiming his uncertainty of the peoples reactions to such an event. The commander of the American troops refused to go around and began to march on through, firing at those who refuted. To the surprise of many Americans, the captain was killed along with about eighty men of the tenth cavalry, claiming fourteen Americans killed and twenty-four taken prisoners. As a result, Wilson prepared a letter to Congress demanding a full-scale war and an ultimatum was sent to Carranza, demanding the release of all American prisoners, which Mexico had already threatened to kill. Within days, all prisoners were released and all international bridges were seized. Although Carranza was finished, Pancho Villa was not ready to throw in the towel. Thus, he prepared for a series of attacks to come. General Pershing reported to Wilson of Villa's repeated violence, but Villa continued, capturing many towns held by Carranzista forces. On January 117, Pancho Villa gathered his forces to capture Toreon. In the end, hundreds of his men were dead and his defeat was seized upon by Wilson as a convenient way out of the problems in Mexico. The U.S. would then prepare to withdraw, declaring the Punitive Expedition a success, although they failed to ever capture Villa. After the overthrow of Carranza in 10, Villa formed a truce with the new government by laying down his arms in exchange for land and amnesty. He then retired to a ranch near Parral, Chihuahua, where he was assassinated by political enemies in 1.

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Animal testing in labortories and school dissection

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In order for a basis for the subject you are about to read I feel that it is

necessary for you to be presented with a few facts in order to help you

understand the circumstances surrounding what animals live through every day and

every year. Each year it is estimated that over 10 billion animals are used for

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food every year in the United States alone. In a lifetime, the average American

meat-eater consumes ,600 animals, including ,450 chicken, 118 turkeys, pigs

and sheep, and 1 cattle and calves. Each year, an estimated 7 million animals

in the U.S. are used in research, testing, and education. Over million animals

are killed in dissection classes. There are presently nearly 500 alternatives

available to dissection for science education. I am not a vegetarian but I do

feel that using animals for scientific testing is wrong. There are many

alternatives then slaughtering thousands of animals every year.

A reasonable estimate is that about six million vertebrate animals are

dissected yearly in U.S. high schools alone. You would think that most of the

animals used in dissection are captive-reared, but the truth is that the

majority are taken from their natural homes in the environment. There are many

alternatives to dissecting animals, for we now have the knowledge that offer

other solutions. For example there are many internet sites that offer a

dissection course step-by-step but without ever have to touch an animal. In a

report written by the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), apparently the majority

of animals that scientists use for testing will not produce relevant results in

correspondence with how certain drugs will react with humans. So you must ask

yourself why thousands of animals have to go through painful unnecessary

experiments to get results that prove nothing.

Thousands of animals are used in scientific and medical research. They often

undergo cruel methods of testing and suffer greatly as a result. Animal

experimentation is both cruel and unnecessary and humans have no right to put

innocent animals through such torture. Again, scientists often do not benefit

from testing on animals, as they are so different from us and react differently

to drugs. Results obtained from experimenting on animals are unreliable.

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Microprocessor

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MICROPROCESSOR

As far as computers and micro processing go I can say I have yet to learn everything, but I would like to learn more. The thought of how computers perform and operate interests me so much. That is why I chose Microprocessor as my topic. I remember when I was younger about 11 years old I didn't even know how to use the Internet, but know I can design websites based on (HTML), edit music/ pictures. I always learn something new about computers and the use for them.

Computers have been dated back to as early as 500-00 BC, starting with Abacus and his device for decimals. Going on to the first calculator built capable of doing simple mathematics. To the first Microprocessor designed. The Microprocessor, is an integrated circuit made of thin silicon in which transistors are etched onto it. Dating back to the first Microprocessor designed originally by Japanese engineer Busicom and redesigned by Intel Ted Hoff. It was a breakthrough in the computer industry; the microprocessor designed by Ted Hoff was a renovation in its own. It was the first Microprocessor ever to be used in a general computer. If you were to ask for this kind of capability early in the 160's you would have to have an entire room full of computers to compare to what the first Intel general purpose Microprocessors could perform, and that kind of power was only offered to varies Universities, Government Research labs, & Large Corporations.

Basically what the Microprocessor did in the 170's was make simple mathematical choices, and perform certain tasks. The First Microprocessor to be used by general computers was the Intel 4004; this Microprocessor consisted of only ,00 transistors in a 4-bit architecture, which supported 45 instructions and ran at about 740 MHz. This was a breakthrough for Intel designers and a new starting point for computers everywhere. Memory was an important role in the making of Microprocessors with out it you wouldn't be able to store information into chips or carry out tasks without going through it first. The Microprocessor is made up of Millions of transistors etched onto only a few millimeters of the chip. The chip can be no bigger than a thumbnail, so you would have to look through a microscope in order to see how much work is put into the microprocessor. The cost of buying a Microprocessor would run you up of about $00, though that was back in the 170's. I'm sure glad prices have dropped down since then.

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How does a Microprocessor work? You might ask. Well, the microprocessor does three basic operations, using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic/Unit). A microprocessor performs simple mathematical tasks and can move memory from location to another, or make decisions. How fast the processor performs these tasks depends on how many MHz it provides. Or you could measure its speed by MIPS (Million of Instructions per second) to see how fast the CPU is. The Pentium is a revolution in its own, having processing power of up to 450 MHz to the Pentium 4, which is one of the fastest Processors in the market. The Pentium was first designed in 1, to the Pentium , which was built in 17. The Pentium , 1 to the Pentium 4, which is Intel's lastes version of processing, power.

Computer chips can be found just about in everything we know and use. The cars that we drive have computer chips in them to make them run properly, you can find chips TV's, PDA's, anything that process's information and stores data, is a form of computer chip usage. DSP is another type of processing technology; the DSP in comparison to the Microprocessor has a higher form of processing power in my opinion. The DSP is designed to support high-performance, repetitive, numerically intensive tasks. The DSP has been known for its irregular instruction settings, which allows the user to encode several operations in a single task. The DSP 161 was the first- generation processor that contained a single DSP 1600 Core and 10 KB of internal RAM. Ram is an important role in computer processing, Ram meaning data that can be accessed and written from other devices. DSP processors are increasingly being used more often you can find DSP processors in many GPS systems, MCU that include the DSP processor to process its tasks. You can think of Microprocessors as an ant farm, Millions of ants (representing Transistors) working together to perform tasks or carry out basic operations.

The Microprocessor is the heart of any computer, making it perform at the speeds they do. As computers become more and more advanced and technology keeps growing at fast rates, there's no telling how much we can improve on technology. Maybe in about 10 years we will have processors that will make the Pentium 4 seem rather slow, I think so that way. Hardware will become smaller and we will be seeing more and more of laptops and sorts like that. Now we have PDA's, which are basically performed like a general computer just in a smaller version. We will never now the end to redesigning technology. It's a never-ending cycle. Computers may well be as fast as 6 GHz in ten years or more. One thing is for sure, without technology we wouldn't be able to do have the stuff we can do today. Microprocessors are being used on a daily basis, such as in Hospitals, Factory's, and Organizations.

Please note that this sample paper on Microprocessor is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Microprocessor, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paperson Microprocessor will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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