The Kiss

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The painting 'The Kiss' was produced by an Austrian artist by the name of Gustav Klimt. This original painting was first made in 107 to 108 in Vienna. A paint palette with a variety of colours and a few different sized paintbrushes were used to create this painting. The size of this painting is quite large because of Gustav's long work with large murals. An erotic moment of passion between two people is represented in this painting. The two figures are blended by the colour of their clothing making it seem like they are wrapped in a blanket to be tied together eternally in love.

Different shades of brown, orange and yellow were mixed and used as the main colours. Red, pink, blue and green are the colours that also appear in the painting. 'The painting does not show any forms of shadow or light appearing. Gustav seemed to have used the same soft and smooth brush stroke texture flowing throughout the whole painting. A colourful mosaic design appears on the brown pastel coloured clothing along with patterned curling lines in the background. A large amount of squares and circles are also used as a pattern on the ground and on the clothing. The colourful flowers that resemble small circles on the ground, show evidence that the painter used a fine brush to achieve the wanted affect.

The painting is in a vertical format and appears asymmetric. The two figures in the painting are two dimensional and have no feeling of space or depth. The two figures wrapped in the blanket appear close up but showed that the painter preferred simple colour techniques and limited colour change achieving a more subtle and unshadowed affect. The focal point in this painting appears to be the two faces of the man and woman wrapped together. The colourful mosaic shapes also stand out against the pastel brown. The colourful spotted ground underneath the man and woman contrasts well with the dark coloured foreground and make the two figures stand out immediately.

I dislike the inconsistency of the male in the painting and believe the head and hands show lack of understanding of the human anatomy and movement. I like every other aspect of this painting very much, for example, the interesting mosaic patterns, the contrasting and curling colours and the human figures which seem blended together. The man's neck appears disproportioned and two large while his hands are too small. The man and woman's facial expression show passion and desperation as the woman is kneeling down with her head tilted back while the man is embracing her. While looking at this painting it gave me a slight feeling of reflection upon my own personal life and relationships as the two figures expressed eroticism, romance and closeness. I believe Gustav Klimt's painting 'The Kiss' is a highly beautiful painting that represents human emotion in a decorative style. It shows paintings don't require nudity or sex to represent romanticism.

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Hrm-1

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Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature.

Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisations investment in an average full-time employee can exceed ?00,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question ¡°Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar¡±, the differences between HRM and the older style ¡®Personnel Management' requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive Personnel Management, and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. http//www.leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business.

The author's own perspective of this assignment is delivered from within the steel industry. An employee in middle management with a history of working from grass roots to Manufacturing Manager over a 10 year period within the Basic Oxygen Steel making plant (BOS). A plant where the iron from the Blast furnace iron is refined and then re-alloyed to be supplied at the correct time temperature and specification to the Continuously Cast plant (CONCAST) where semi-finished products are supplied to the mills for rolling.

Current Economic Climate Due to the current economic climate that is affecting the trading situation, both within the home and world export market there has been immense pressure on the business to reduce operating costs to achieve business objectives. Many areas of the business especially within the carbon steels section are, and have been making a loss for an extended period. Not just since the tragic events of 11th September 001, the events of which that have been blamed for losses in many other businesses. This event has merely compounded an underlying trend of difficult trading conditions in steel. We have as a business been implementing strategies to cut costs and increase efficiency, not just in operational performance terms but also changes in managements structures, team working implementation and further changes in manning levels (based on under utilisation of plant due to the low output).

HR Role Many of the recent objectives set by the business at ¡®Board Level' to reduce costs have required the need for the HRM function to take a role in the business, to be able to achieve the required levels. Some specific areas that the HR Department manage include Policies; such as Drugs and Alcohol and Equal Opportunities, as well as implementation of Company policy and Strategy, both long-term and medium-term. But these are day to say issues; the following headings are other fundamental areas that the HR function has played a part in during the recent cost cutting exercise. Manpower Planning This topic involves charting the future needs of the organisation with regard to numbers, skills profile, age and experience. This enables the firm to have the right people in the right numbers at the right time. http//www.leavingcert.net/ There have been some major changes within the organisation over recent years; the implementation of Team Working has been key to reducing costs. It brings about some major benefits, not least a reduction in employee numbers through more efficient use of the resource. Through this implementation at Scunthorpe, a 15% reduction of manpower has been achieved. The challenge that the HR function was faced with was how to achieve this kind of figure? In reality the HRM department had a minor role to play. From Board level through to Senior Management came the directive that a percentage manning reduction was required across the board, and that it would be fulfilled. Each individual department had to carry out Key Task Analysis (KTA) to determine what sort of levels of manning could be utilised based on ¡®time and task' process. From this analysis came a set of numbers that indicated how many persons could manage an area. The dwindling numbers within the HR function meant that they hade no alternative but to take an lesser role and stand back to allow the production departments themselves to manage certain tasks. Many of the manning reductions have been found through voluntary redundancy and early retirement. Having had the departmental managers find the numbers the HR function has now stepped in to undertake the interviewing process that details the package available for early departure. Recruitment and Selection This process is by which the organisation gets the best people to do the jobs necessary to achieve its goals. Preparation is the key to effectiveness in this area, by clearly establishing the jobs to be done and the type of people needed to do them, the construction of an accurate Job Description and Person Specification will save time and money. http//www.leavingcert.net/ Recruitment within corus has been very low for many years, 188 was the last time anyone was taken from the outside environment; the only current source of new employees into the business is through Graduate recruitment. Since privatisation in 188, apart from graduates, nearly all (blue collar) vacancies have been fulfilled though internal cross matching, and recruitment from the in-house ¡®cleaning contractors'. This source of employee recruitment is seriously flawed with many disadvantages, not least that the type of person employed for cleaning is not necessarily the right person for operation of technically based operating systems, education levels required for cleaning are significantly lower, and the nature of the work is totally different. The reason that this source has been used is due to the ease of the selection process, the lack of cost involved and the minimal time required to interview etc. Most are employed on the basis that their Contract Manager says ¡®they are good eggs! The other benefit is that they are hired on a 6-month trial, if they do not size up then they are easily transferred back into the contract gang. An easy recruitment process but by far the right person for the job. Graduates are the main source of external recruitment. The HR Function carries out visits to colleges and universities to entice budding youngsters into the industry with the knowledge that they are joining a company that is renowned for being the most efficient steel producer in the world, and that they will gains skills to promote themselves within the industry. The corus website is seriously directed towards graduate recruitment and is a main source of applicants. Unfortunately at present there are not many wanting to join what is seen as an ailing industry, a challenge for the HR Department to continue to recruit from a reducing market. Training and Development This in most organisations is a major growth area, with firms realising that skills development and flexibility are now key to business success. Unfortunately within corus over the last few years the amount spent on ¡®external' training has been kept to an absolute minimum and has had an effect on plant operating performance, initiatives such as I.I.P, T.Q.P. and the likes have been dropped by the wayside due to the cost and lack of resources to implement and apply. The significant changes in manning have affected this. The main source of training at present is ¡®sitting with Nellie', the disadvantages of this being that the trainee is getting a level of training that the trainer has been trained to give. Unfortunately Plant Trainers are non-existent and therefore the training given is from someone who has little experience of training people and very often not a lot of knowledge of plant and the process. The latter is inherent of the loss of knowledge due to the departure of experienced individuals. This has now been identified and new measures have been put in place that will be discussed under ¡®Challenges'. Performance Appraisal This involves a formal system of regularly collecting, recording, and sharing information between the employee and the appraiser about the employees work performance and potential. Conducted in the correct manner, it can enhance motivation, contribute to achieving organisational goals, and assist the process of rewarding good performance. http//www.leavingcert.net/ One would like to think that this is carried out, in reality there again is insufficient time for the line manager to implement as the role of ¡®fire fighting' other issues on a daily basis is consuming time, and the fundamentals of managing people are not being addressed. Reward Management This involves designing the most appropriate methods of remuneration and increasingly incorporates broader, performance-related items such as bonuses and employee share option schemes. http//www.leavingcert.net/ These have been implemented alongside the new Team Working and Management structures and are based on Payment for Performance (PFP) on an individual basis, and Bonus related schemes for achieving operational performance. Pay bands and application of the same is an element of the reward scheme that the HR function carries out. This is a broad based application, easy to maintain and implement, but unfortunately as experienced from a personal viewpoint it has been implemented poorly with little or no communication between Pay Departments, the HR function and the employee.

Industrial Relations

The process of collective bargaining based on employees terms & conditions, resolving disputes that may arise, and adhering to the whole range of laws governing the relationship between employers and employees in the workplace. In reality the first line manager deals with any grievance or dispute that may occur locally and the HR department is only called upon for advice or when the dispute escalates. The Collective Agreements are through multi-union negotiations and may include Pay, Hours of work, Bonus payments, Sick Pay scheme and Holidays. There is also the Works Rules, application of, updating of and any changes of legislation affecting works rules to consider. Much of this is on an annual basis with most carried out at national level with minimal amounts at local level. CHALLENGES Skills and Knowledge The increase in voluntary and early retirements has had an effect on the organisation that relates to age, experience and knowledge. The reduction of people has mainly been achieved from those that can afford to take early retirement, those with minimal or no mortgages, have a level of savings and a lifestyle that could be led with minimal supplementation. Thus the late 40's and early 50's are the target group. These are the people who have vast experience and knowledge in the steel making industry, gained over many years and they have now been removed. The challenge is to replace this knowledge in a short space of time. The average age has been lowered by 10-1 years since the implementation of team working, this reduction in age has highlighted the reduction in knowledge and experience of the remainder posing a further and future problem that the age range of those employed is such that they will all leave the industry at or around the same time. The cycle will start again unless there is intervention to bring about change. Training Training of the individuals that are left needs to be urgently considered. As stated previously the lack of training over the last few years and the changes that have taken place have led to a deterioration in plant operational performance. This poor performance is unsatisfactory and is incurring costs to the process. The cost of training is not quantifiable, is seen by other organisations as a benefit but at present to corus it is a burden to costs and as such has not been pursued. This ¡®benefit' has now been realised by senior management and the re-instatement of a Training Owner for plant and the re-launch of the Investor's In People initiative should be the start of an increase in performance. The HR function for their part are required to implement and continuously apply the new recording system required to follow this scheme up. This is not just for plant requirements but also for legislation such as COMAH, (Control of Management and Change) where there is a requirement to be able to identify an individual's competency in the job that he is doing. Critically, we as an organisation should be looking at the theoretical side of how to implement training programmes, studying the likes of ¡®Kolb's learning cycle' to ensure thorough understanding of the subject and correct implementation of the training received. But this is theory and unfortunately the current culture is that we are ¡®fire fighting', living for the present and just attempting to survive the current climate. Thus there is no commitment to provide resource that has no quantifiable financial gain. Graduate Retention This is an issue whereby in the current climate a high number of graduates are leaving the industry due to its poor outlook; safety and security are important factors to achieve motivation but unfortunately valued employees are leaving in droves. Employment packages are poor in relation to other organisations similar in size, graduates are drawn by the better working environment and benefits provided to organisations that practice

HRM rather than Personnel Management

As a business we are very much in the old style of PM whereby we utilise the resource for the benefit of the organisation rather than nurture the person to provide a service that benefits the company for the good! The HR personnel can do little for the graduate financially to be an incentive for them to stay within the industry where environmental conditions are poor and achievement of goals is stifled.

Manpower Reductions/Plant Closures

Continuing with the theme of efficiency and cost reduction there have, and there will be more manpower reductions caused by plant closures and contracting out of services. Since the age profile is reducing there will be less chance of finding early and voluntary retirement from the younger average age of the existing employees, therefore individuals are not as willing to leave due to economic reasons. The decisions will be more difficult to make about who stays and who goes.

Improve Morale

One of the HR objectives is to improve morale. This at present is at a low, it is a difficult one for the HR function to achieve because the lack of numbers does not allow them sufficient time to address individual issues and as stated, first level management now carries out most of this. Their presence is rarely seen on plant and as such they cannot use the personal affect to improving moral. There is a need for them to relate the likes of Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation (Figure 1) and Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Figure ) through Team Working initiatives, personal objectives and manipulation of the reward scheme and use this to drive moral. With most though, this is an individual element and certain factors will affect certain individuals differently, thus the need for a one to one basis to find out what drives or motivates each person. Most motivation is driven through line managers and thus the HR objective is somewhat misplaced for the current situation.

Business Service

One of the challenges facing the HRM function itself is the move towards being a Business Service, not supplying just to corus but also supplying a service outside of the industry. This has already been achieved with part of the Engineering function that supplies its services to outside organisations and has thus made an extra ?.M this year alone. This has been an initiative throughout the firm to generate more income and reduce the burden of a department on the business. Compilation of services business wide has been managed partly by the HR function, it is part of their objectives to identify further areas for this type of development and quantify the benefits of disadvantages of such a move. For those within the HR Department the move towards a Business Service has seen a step backwards away from generalisation and towards specialisation, a return in some ways to old style management. HR Managers were given skills for them to cope with general issues, but the move back towards specialisation sees them dealing with specifics and having a better working knowledge of one particular area rather than being a ¡®Jack of all trades'.

Trade Union

An interesting point made by the local HR Manager ¨C Not enough is done to train the TU representative to be made aware of the Business needs, the reasons for why such actions are needed and the manner in which they should be carried out. There is nothing sinister in supplying such a service to what has inherently been seen as an aggressor to the management. The wider the perspective that the trade union official has, the better he will be equipped to make more appropriate decisions on behalf of the employees that he represents, and the better his understanding of why it is being implemented. The role of Trade Unionism within Human Resource Management poses somewhat of a threat, Legge, p.7, states that Trade Unionism in HRM organisations was being bypassed through the development of Human Resource Management initiatives. Organisations are ¡®soft' models of HRM; and can pose a threat to the TU. Another consideration may be, that if the employee is happy and committed in their job, that the need for union representation may not be required. To the organisation there is the need for the T.U. for multi-union bargaining purposes, therefore the HRM department must balance the need of HRM against the need of the Trade Union.

Conclusion

The increasing competitive pressures, expanding globalisation and a generally harder business environment has brought about a move to a more enhanced view of HRM as opposed to Personnel Management. Unfortunately as a business, corus are very much in the old style of Personnel Management whereby we utilise the resource for the benefit of the organisation rather than nurture the person to provide a service that benefits the company for the good. Numbers have reduced significantly since the implementation of Team Working; the structure has been cut to bare bones. The reduced operating cost set out at board level has been achieved, but at a cost to the business through a reduction in operational performance. Unfortunately the current culture is that we are ¡®fire fighting', living for the present and just attempting to survive the economic climate to make it through, there is no commitment to provide any resource that has no quantifiable financial gain. The HR Department has a role to play in modelling the objectives set by the Board, but their problems are much the same as that of plant management in that the resources are not available to support the fundamental ideas. There are many issues facing the company, short, medium and long term that require addressing, unfortunately it is a service and any gains made through expenditure are not readily quantifiable, therefore no capital is guaranteed whereby there is no return seen. Without an injection of cash or commitment to provide extra services for HRM then there will be no advancement towards achieving better results from the employee through HRM philosophies. HRM, as previously stated denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems as opposed to Personnel Management These philosophies are carried out by the first line management, which begs the question, ¡°Have the lesser experienced plant personnel carried out a process that has inherently been carried out by trained professional HR managers and got the numbers wrong, furthermore, was it implemented correctly? Overall because of the reduction in numbers within the HR department, Plant managers and Line managers are now carrying out many tasks and the HR department have a significantly lesser role in the organisation. With no forecast of any change in philosophy and increase in expenditure then the situation is unlikely to change. The input of an active Trade Union and informed official needs to be considered, there is a definite need for both and the HRM department must ensure that a relationship continues.

Bibliography

Human resource Management, A Contemporary Perspective, nd Edition, 17. Ian Beardwell and Len Holden. Human Resource Management, ¡®Rhetoric' and Realities'. Karen Legge http//www.leavingcert.net/

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Marriage Column

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Imagine this, bright lights, extravagent dancers, vibrant costumes, interesting plots, and volcals that will keep you planted in your seats yerning for more. Now, where can you find this wonderful whimsical wonder? There is only one place where entertainment is this good, Broadway Ave. in New York City. Ever been there? Neither have I. But listen carefully as I take each of you on a short informative tour to learn about the early stages of Broadway, some recent Broadway musical hits, and the names of a few well known theaters on Broadway.

Broadway is the street in New York that has come to symbolize live theater entertainment throughout the world. Today, the area known to tourists and theater-goers, stretches from west 41st street up to west 5st streets Broadway Theater. This was not always the case. In 1810, if you wondered up Broadway towards the villages of Greenwich or Harlem, past Wall st., you would have passed the beautiful Park Theater on Park Row. The 1th century saw the development of American theater throughout the country. European actors were imported and America soon porduced its own starts and companies. The decade from 110 to 10 was the period when America grew up. World War I ended American ended Americas smug isolationism, but an intellectual growth took place as well. Isben, Shaw, and Chekov, a group of American writers, brought a new life and new conscience to Broudway stages.

Broadway playwrights in modern times, take various aspects of reality and society, and create plays and musicals that catch the attention of many and sooner or later become box office hits. For an example, Rent the musical celebrates a community of young East Villagers as they struggle with soaring hopes and tough realities of todays New York. This musical is still listed under Broadways top ten most recent hits and received the 16 Tony Award for Best Musical, the 16 Pulitzer Prize for drama, and many more. Other recent Broadway hits include Chicago the musical, thoroughly Modern Millie, Beauty and the Beast, and hairspray just to name a few.

With out the theaters, where would the performances be held? Many of the Broadway theaters are significant to the city of New York. some are landmarks, others the biggest attraction in the city on a Saturday night. The Apollo Theater is not only a historic landmark, but it is also a symbol of brilliance of American artistic acheivement. A place where thousands of yound artists have stepped in and out into the spotlight and launched their careers. The Marquis Theater is one of the newest theaters apart of the Great White Way located in theater district. Once home to the Ed Sullivan Show in the sixties, the Ed Sullivan Theater is now home to David Letterman show. The theater district is a 10 block strip of Manhatten which is also known as the Great White Way, with over 40 theaters.

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This site sucks

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Ben sat at his massive oak desk. It had piles and piles of opened files sitting on its smooth surface. Just one more meeting before he could get one step closer back to his well missed home. He sighed deeply, he defiantly couldn't wait to get back home to Australia.

Hawaii was a beautiful place, but it couldn't compare to Australia where he was concerned. Besides, Hawaii was full of people he didn't like.

Suddenly came a loud knock on his office door. " Come in!" He growled. This had better be good. Ben had left spefic instructions that he was not to be disturbed unless it was vitally important. In bounced the young American secutary who Ben would be extreamly greatful to get away from. She was a first class bimbo, without being sterotypical of course. She had perxiode blond hair, the biggest breat enlargement he had ever seen and was voluptous enough for two well-rounded women. Some men might have found her attractive, but Ben defiantly wasn't one of them, he found it discusting that anyone could do something like that to their bodies and think that people might find it attractive. He knew some men in the office who would like to get her alone but you could deffiantly count him out.

" Mr Bonaventura, " Sally the secutary purred softly. " I'm glad I found you alone." Sally slowly approached Ben, her hips swaying seductivly as she approached.

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"What the hell was so damn imporatnt that couldn't wait five minutes until I left my bloody office for the meeting with AAU?" He demanded his voice, cold as steal. It was so cold and emotionless that it made Sally reconcider what she had in mind. She looked a little hurt but she decided to continue with her very obvious come on.

" Well Mr Bonaventura, I was just wondering if you had, say five minutes to spare, that you could say spend with me? Alone? Behind a locked door? Her voice was low and husky.

" If your surgesting that we screw right here and now then I must decline. Infact I probably wouldn't have sex with you if we were the last two humans alive and the survival of the human race depened upon it. I know it's a horribly over used clich, but I'm afraid it's quite fitting." Ben drew a sharp deep breath before continuing to speak eith the same icy indifference. " Now, if I ever hear of you trying to seduce any of my staff members again I will have to find a replacement for you. Now, Miss Walls is that perfectly clear?" His voice was linned with steal and it was all Sally could do to not burst out crying histerically.

" Yes, yes sir." Sally stuttered, as she flew from the office, like Adam had suddenly contracted an infectious diease or something much worse. Her IQ was smaller than her skirt, which was defiantly no compliment, he chuckeled to him. Poor little thing, now she won't be able to get the pay inccrease she was hoping for, what a shame. Just as Ben was about to leave to leave for his meeting with AAU his phone rang.

"Hello!" Ben groweled into the phone. His voice was edging on expressionless, but there was a slight hint of impatients.

" Hey Ben, its Ted. Listen the meeting with AAU has been cancelled, the Japanese delegates have had to pull out at the last minute." His friend Ted was as relaxed and placid as they come. Although some times his friend's relaxed manner made him think about how much he was missing out on in life. His whole life revolved around his work.

His empire! The empire he single handedly carved out of the dirt.

" Well Ben, me and the boys here know how much you want to get back to Australia and we sort of got you an earlier ticket back to England. For your confrence and then, finally you can go home."

" Thanks man, I'll meet you at the airport in an hour." Ben assured his friend, before slamming the phone down and concerntrated on getting the hell out of that damn office.

"Hello?" Jemma said half questioningly in her mobile, as she sat down on the plush seats in the airport. She was still shaking slightly from the fight she had had with Rainer earlier that morning.

" Jem, I'm so glad that I caught you. Where in blazers are you?" It was Lauren, who up until this morning was her work mate as well as best friend. Now she was just her best friend.

"I'm at the airport. I'm flying over to England for two weeks before returning home." She told her friend, trying to block out the roaring sound of the planes out the window.

" You mean home to Australia?" Lauren asked in amazement. " I thought you were never going back there." Jemma did need any reminders of how weak so was for breaking her resulition of never going back to Australia, and was plaesed for any excuse to terminate this difficult conversation.

" Well I am and I have to go, they are calling my flight." Jemma quickly hung up the phone and ran over to her terminal. How stupid was she? She had just left the place that had been her haven for the past few years, and all because of the fact that she didn't like her boss. Her boss who had a temper worse that any she had ever encountered well second to Leo's but Rainers temper was vile.

Jemma hated flying and the very thought of it made her feel horribly sick, but she needed time alone and then finally to go back to Australia and attemot to finally get over her demonds from the past. But the fact that she was flying with Southern Star Airways was a slight relife seeing as her sister Pheobe worked for them. Jemma had only been seated a few minutes when a man came and took the vacant seat next to her. He was possibly the most breath taking person she had ever seen. He stood at a height of 6 foot 5 inches. Although he was wearing a top of the range, charcole grey buissness suit she could tell that his muscles were plentiful and extreamly well tonned. He had the most delicious black hair with a small grey patch on one side, like some sort of birthmark. Jemma found it quite attractive and thought it added to his rugged good looks. His stunningly piercing brown eyes held Jemma capitavated.

" Hello, I'm Benjamin Bonaventura." He said sending Jemma a smile that rendered her utterly stupid. After a stunned second she gracefully took his hand ans shook it. Jemma quickly pulled away, a sort of delightful tingeling sensation spread up her arm from where he had touched her. " That was some strong static." Laughed Ben, warmth glowing in his deep eyes. Jemma didn't elaborate, just sent Ben a mildly currious glance, before closing her heavy eyelids giving them a well-deserved break. " Are you alright miss?" Ben asked gentally as he took his seat. " I don't mean to pry, but you look an absolute mess." Jemma shot Ben a deadly glance.

"Well thankyou very much." She bit out tauntly. She had just had the worse day in two years and she didn't need a complete stranger telling her that she looked a mess. How dare he, of all the nerve.

Ben turned in his seat and took in the full view of the firey vixion sitting next to him. She was defiantly the sexiest woman Ben had ever seen. She wasn't done up like a Barbie doll, a quality that he personally found very alluring. Her chocolate brown hair hung half way down her back in soft curls. She had whisky-coloured eyes which were at the moment closed. Her skin appeared soft and had a delicious tan. She was about 5 foot 5 tall and extramly slim, with just the right ammount of curves, which sent his blood racing as no other woman had before. "I'm terribly sorry miss, I didn't mean to sound rude." Ben appolagied gruffly. He didn't remember apolagising to a woman before in his entire life, why the hell was he apolagising to her

"Tut tut you're such a victim." Jemma told him harsly, massaging her throbbing temples. After a few minutes Jemma opened her eyes and retreved a stylish writing pad from her bag. After a few minutes she gave an irrated sigh and muttered. "Why the hell can't life be simple?" Followed by an explicit oath.

" Can I help?" Ben asked almost hesantly. In a twisted way he almost found the way this woman had totally lost her temper, it served her right for setting his body on fire. "I can't find my damn pen." She muttered still rummaging in her black Gucci bag. Ben smiled inwardly. Women! He thought darkly.

" Here," He offered reaching into his breast pocket, removing a gold plated pen. "Use mine." It was the pen Ted ahd given him when he made his first million dollars. Jemma merely smiled befor taking the pen and writing on a clean sheet of the cream paper.

Dear Rainer Dominic,

I am writing to inform you that I must resign from my position at R.G.D Real Estate. I underrstand that it is usually standard procedure to give at least two weeks notice but under the circumstances I see no choice but ti never return. Futhermore I have enclosed the payout cheque you ceramonisuly threw at my feet when you fired me, after I informed

you that I was leaving.

Jemma (Insert last name here)

Jemma gentially placed the letter into the matching envelope and rang her toung alone the sealing strip of the envelope. It was final, and brought a sence of closure to her stay in Hawaii. The as the sight of Jemma's toung was almost too much for Ben's already excited hormones. After all he was only a man. Jemma practially flung the pen back at Ben, and returned to her sleep like state. It only took a few minutes after the plane had setteled in the sky for a blond hostesss to flounce up to Ben.

" Mr Bonaventura, is everything alright?" She asked as she smiled widely. Showing them a set of teeth that any dentist would be proud of.

" Yes thanks Helen." He assured her sinking back in to his chair. All of a sudden, the woman Helen noticed Jemma and squealed with delight.

" Jemma darling, your Pheobes sister aren't you?"

" Yes, and you are?" Jemma didn't mean to sound that rude, but she was hungry, and tired and just wanted to go home, wherever the hell that was?

" I'm Helen silly, I used to be your sisters flat mate, remember?" Jemma vaugly remembered this woman Helen and her sisters old flat. It had been in the city somewhere and had been a pinkish colour.

" Yes I remember you Helen." She assured her, trying her best not to sound patronising. "How is my sister?" She enquired desperatly. Jemma hadn't been able to contact her sister in two weeks and she was beginning to get worried.

" Oh, Pheobes fine. I saw her last week. She has this new boyfriend I think he's name is Mitch, or Mike or something." Helen told her. Just like her sister, flitting from one relationship to the next without much thought. Jemma just wished that Helen would go away and leave her alone. She just wanted to sleep, that was all. Nothing more, nothing less. " Pheobe will be so glad your coming home after three years. She's been pining ever since you, she'll be so excited."

" Thankyou." Jemma said, dismissing Helen without much thought about it.

" Well if there is anything either of you need just let me know." Helen said oblivios to the negotive siginals that Jemma was sending her. Helen waltzed away in her own little world. " Just out of interest," Jemma drawled lightly.

" Are you the Ben Bonaventura who runs Southen Star Airways?"

" I must plead guilty to that particular charge." He admitted softly in a mocking voice.

" Well then I hope that you company is looking after my baby sister for me." She said bitterly. She had tried to convince Pheobe that being an airhostess wasn't the ideal carrer for someone how had as much to offer as she did. But her sister was adimant that she wanted to ba an airhostess, so Jemma took it with grace and supported her sister in her qust to conquer the airways.

"Don't you like the way your sister is treated?" He asked with certinay. If her sister was being badly treated he had to do something about it, he was nothing if a fair man.

" I just don't like her being a flight attendant, end of story." She told him sourly. Well that was understatement of the year. She hated the idea of her sister flying overseas all the time, and all the things that could go wrong, she didn't even want to think about it. Ben was a deadly attractive man, and he was also dangerous. If She got involved with him then her heart would be expossed again, just waiting to be torn apart again. " May I please know your name?" He enquired politly. Jemma rolled her eyes

" I would give you my buissness card but seeing as I quit my job this moring it would seem like a rather pointless exercise, wouldn't it?"

" Nice way to evade a question. Yes giving me a buissness card would seem like a rather pointless exercise, but that wasn't what I asked for." Ben was impressed. She was a rather intellagent woman, and might just pose a challenge for him. A very interesting challenge! "Please?" He begged. Damn, she was beautiful. " Or perhaps angles have no names?" "Ha, very funny." Jemma laughed with a controlled snort.

"My Name is Jemma Smith or perhaps you didn't pick that up from Helen?" She asked with sardonic vengance. A small victory for him. She would have applauded, if she had the energy. "Extatic. Now Jemma, it wasn't that hard, was it?"

If looks could kill Ben would most defiantly be dead, a thousand times over. The food trolley was coming, but Jemma felt so sick that if she ate anything she would undoubtedly be very sick indeed. She turned down all offers of food and drink.

" Why the hell aren't you eating anything?" Ben demanded hotly when she refussed to eat anything.

"Because if I do eat anything darling, I'm afraid I'll truly be sick all over you." She said spitefully taking a deep breath.

" You must eat something." He persisted looking at her frail figure. " No." Jemma told him defiantly. With in the next few minutes Jemma fell into a heavy, dreamless sleep. Ben sat in his seat and watched the gental rise and fall of Jemma's cheast. Damn this woman. She was the only person in who had physically effected him in longer than he cared to remember. Mabey it was an oppunity that he shouln't let pass

CHAPTER

Jemma woke after a wonderful sleep. It was amazing that her usual angisiety about flying was totally at ease today. Not a trace of it! And concidering she vowed never to fly agan she was feeling pretty good.

She very gingerly opened her eyes and peered out of the window. The beautiful sight that confronted her astounded Jemma. A brilliant orange peered out over the fresh horizion with a faint pink tinge. It was the most wonderous sight from so high, but it didn't take long for the sun to come fully up and the magic of sunrise to be gone.

Ben could see an enchaninting smile playing about on Jemma's lips as she gazed out the window.

" Welcome back to the land of the living." Ben inviting warmly has he looked up from his notes.

Jemma sat fridigly in her chair refusing to acknoweledge Ben's presence. The sooner she got away from this man the better. He was a dangerous loose cannon in the safe little world she had built for herself and quite frankly she didn't like it. Not one bit!

Jemma ignored all of Ben's attempts at light conversation and politly refused breakfast, which earned her a raised eyebrow from Ben. But she ignored that as well.

Jemma retrieved the boring espionage novel she had been reading. It had the worst plot she had ever encountered in all her years of being an avid reader. Jemma read a page and when she reached the bottom she realised that she couldn't remember a word of what she had just read, and so she read the page again.

And again!

And again!

And again!

Still nothing, the words could just as easily been in a forign language for all the scence the words were making to her. Her brain just wasn't regestering the words in front of her. Her mind was frazzeled and the alluring scent emmulating from Ben didn't help her think clearly either.

Ben was typing intently on his lap top, ignorant of all the things going on around him. Jemma took this time to study Ben from a safe distance. His jaw line was arrogant and his eyebrows were drawn together in a mocking guesture. There was a faint grey shadow, indicating that he desperatly needed a shave. It brought a sort of wild look along with the ruffeled black hair, that looked as if Ben had been running his fingers through it. As if on cue that's exactly what his finger did.

Jemma coloured slightly. She could think of other thinks she wanted his fingers to be doing. Jemma firmly pushed thoughts such as those from her mind, and determindly studied the shapes of the clouds. Studing the formation of clouds is a safe pastime, one that didn't involve a certin pair of mocking brown eyes.

A pair of mocking brown eyes, that were boring into the back of her head as she stared determinly out of the small window.

Jemma contuinued to stare out of her window for the next twenty minutes refusing to spare Ben a glance. Finally when she could take no more she stole a glance at him from under lowered lashes. Only to discover that he wasn't there!

Jemma sighed. Only a few more hours and then she can walk away from Ben Bonaventura. Forever!

Ben returned and she flashed him a weak smile, but the warmth didn't reach her eyes. Ben sent her a heart-stopping smile, flashing her a nice set of white teeth.

He sat down and went back to work.

All of a sudden the plane hit a bit of turbulance. And Jemma was sent flying straigh into Bens lap.

Jemma didn't know what happened, all she knew was that was she had been dumped unceremoniously dumped into Bens lap and was mortified at the prospect.

Ben let out a deep rumbel of laughter. "Well of all the places to meet you?" He said in mock surprise. Jemma just sat there in shock.

"What the hell had just happened?" She said more to herself than to anyone else. The only reply on offer was a deep rumble of sardonic laughter from Ben as he choacked out the words,

" Don't you just love turbulance?" before contuining in his tirade of laughter. Jemma just sat their looking stupidified herdly surpressing her almost uncontrolable urge to hit Ben square across the face with as much strength as she could muster.

It was only then that Jemma realised Ben had his hands firmly clasped around her slender waist, keeping her upright. Almost instantly she struggled free from his grasp and nearly stumbeled to the floor by doing so.

Ben couldn't helpbut see the funny side of Jemma being helplessly tossed into his lap, where as Jemma thought it was irraparably mortifing and totally degrading. Cheeks slightly flushed Jemma sat back down in her own seat and put her seatbelt back on as tight as it would go.

For the rest of the trip Jemma sat in silence brooding over all the things that had happened in the last days.

First, She left her job and is once again forced to face her past. Second, shes meets her sisters arrogant and devestatinly hansom boss. (There you go ben) Third she was actually attracted to the arrogant pig. Infact it was the first time she had been attracted to anyone in a very long time, ever since she left Australia infact. And she didn't want to be attracted to Ben it just sort of happened, uncontrollably without reason.

After the flight Jemma got through customs and baggage as fast as she could and left for the hotel in record time.

The hotel was exclusive, but Jemma decided that money didn't matter that much and she had enough savings to treat herself to a wonderful and plush holiday before finally returning to Australia in two weeks.

As soon as Jemma got into the hotel room she rang her sister who was totally astounded upon discovering where her sister was.

" Your where?" Her sister squealed into the phone "And then you'r coming home, your kiddng!" The pure delight that was evident in her sister's voice was unsurpassable. Jemma thought with a smile.

" I sat next to your irrepressable boss on the plane." Jemma informed her sister belatedly. " It was terible, he's egotistic and arrogant and too proud." She seethed at her sister who giggled and said defencivly.

"Actually I think he's kinda hot, not to mention terribly rich."

"That doesn't make him a likable person." She insisted as Pheobe rolled her eyes heavenwards.

"Whatever, I think you do like him but your just too afraid to admit it." Pheobe asserted to be met with an icy reply of.

"Shut and and mind your buisness." Which was softened by a sigh that followed. They ended their conversation with polite farewells and hypothetical hugs and kisses.

Jemma was exhausted and forwent a meal and just went straight to sleep. But this time it wasn't a peaceful sleep at all, it was one plaugged by nightmares and faces from the past. Horrible faces, teary faces, faces missed and faces hated. So many faces, all as distorted and yet famlliar as every other one.

Jemma woke at miday the following day, just as tired as when she went to sleep the day before. Her head was riddeled with a splittign pain that seared through her thoughts making intellagent thought seem like a distant. Upon inspection in the full length mirror in the bathroom Jemma discovered that her eyes were puffy and bloodshot, her face was gaunt and pale and that her chocolate hair was a tangle of matted knots.

After a shower that was as hot as Jemma's skin could tolerate and an asprin she was feeling slightly better.

Now all Jemma had to do was decide what she was going to do for the next weeks. It shouldn't be to hard with all the places like stone hendge and stuff, and she might even go to France and Germany for a day or two, and if still runs out of places to go, their was always Sweden.

Jemma decided that she would go shopping today and get herself organised for the rest of her trip. She also decided to rent a car for the two weeks she was going to be in England, because it would cost less than it would to take a taxi everywhere.

Once she had picked up the car she felt less restricted and freer than she had before. It felt wonderful to just be able to driver wherever she wanted because she could. The countryside was beautiful, even through the light drizzle.

When she went back to Australia she would move in with her sister until she found a place of her own. She would find another possition in Real Estate and get her life back in order from there. Eventually she planned to get a car and mabey a puppy dog and the occationally date if the impules took her, but it wasn't part of the eventual plan. Why? Because they lead to pain, tears and heartache, that's why.

She couldn't cope with that, ever again.

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Class, race, gender

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The 1th century in America saw the boom of industrialization, and the need for workers to run the factories and make the railroads became more desperate. It was that promise of work in a land away from home that was the similarity between two very different populations of immigrants coming to America, the Chinese, and the European. On the west coast there was a successful effort made to recruit foreigners, particularly the Chinese, for cheap labor. While in the east, southern and eastern European populations jumped on the opportunity for work in a land they thought was without the political turmoil of their homelands, and would be less discriminating of their culture and religion.

In the mid 1800's the Chinese came to California hearing about the gold rush and the opportunity for work fleeing their homelands political/economic deterioration, and soon many were working on the railroad in poor conditions for less than the Americans. At first the American's saw the Chinese as a way to get cheap labor and greeted happily the first arrivals, but soon the increase from 4,000 to 5,000 Chinese immigrants between the years of 1850 and 1860 began to make the American working class uneasy and increasingly hostile. The unease with a foreign people felt by the local workers in California was strong, and finally led to the Chinese Exclusionary Act in 188, prohibiting the further immigration of any Chinese workers. For the Chinese this was the beginning of a century of discrimination and failing attempts at assimilation. For America it was yet again evidence to their inability to understand or accept anything different, discriminating against a people they did not know because of their 'un-Whiteness.'

Both the Chinese and the Europeans had similar reasons for immigrating to America in the 1th century, the work. The difference for the European immigrants was that they were white, and with their skin color came century old hierarchies based on color. It was no doubt a great struggle for the European immigrants to secure their positions in the culture of America, but they did not face the same racial prejudice that the Chinese encountered in California. There were separate schools made for the Chinese who had already been placed in a separate ghetto to live. With English as a second language communication was further hindered for the Chinese, increasing their sense of dissimilarity. Countless injustices against these alien people went unnoticed. It was easy for the locals to pinpoint the Chinese for the economic problems that were beginning to arise because they looked different. And as the Great Depression grew nearer the harsh racist actions increased.

The effort made by America to import a cheap work force used with the Chinese was utilized later on the Mexicans in a similar way. In the 140's the United States government gave the Mexicans access to agricultural work within the U.S. without needing citizenship. This brought many desperate Mexicans into the country to work, but as soon as the work was done they were deported back to Mexico. In this case it seems even more ironic then with the Chinese, that as Americans we would have the audacity to use the Mexican people to work on the land that we stole from them--reaping their profits--and again displace the original land owners back to their previous poverty stricken country. Only because it was not as easy to deport the Chinese, they remained, but were ignored so blatantly it was as if they no longer existed.

Although equally as alien in appearance as the Chinese, the Japanese immigrants had financial security in their home country, and were able to come to America as scholars. In the world of academia things were a little less racially discriminatory, basing more judgment on scholastic merit, but still far from equal. Many of these young Japanese were sent by their government to the west to receive an education, and therefore were not under pressure to find work. We know that even within the system of higher education there is plenty of prejudice, seen as late as the 180's with the Asian American College admission cases held in the courts of California. Also, the fact that these Japanese students spoke English well was less threatening to the Americans than the Chinese immigrants who did not have the same extensive training, and could usually not communicate as effectively. Along with the Chinese and Japanese, there were many smaller groups of Asians from the southern part of the continent that began to come in large numbers to the United States. First it was the Vietnamese coming as refugees of war. Many were skilled workers and because of that were able to secure jobs relatively quickly compared to the Chinese when they first arrived. After the war many other ethnic groups from southeast Asia came, usually less skilled, and again seeking work.

As the wealth of the Americans grew after the Depression, the amount of work being done by immigrants also increased, but the cumulative guilt of America for the mistreatment of many different foreign peoples will forever be felt. Naturally there will always be a period of adjustment for any foreign peoples moving to a new land, but as Americans we must finally realize that our country's only native peoples are the Indians, and except for them we were all foreigners at one time in our families lineage. With this awareness we can displace the current hegemony that's belief systems are ambient within our society. Only by embracing the differences that America represents, and learning how best to facilitate these specific cultural values will we be doing justice to our nation for what it is.

Please note that this sample paper on class, race, gender is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on class, race, gender, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on class, race, gender will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Electoral College and the sucessio chain

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The Electoral College

The Electoral College process is part of the original design of the U.S. Constitution. It consists of senators and representatives who direct their votes for the state they represent.

The United States Constitution provides that electors be chosen every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The method of choosing electors is determined by the individual states. In all states they are chosen at a general election. The number of electors for each state is equal to the number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress. The total number of electors is 58, a total of 100 Senators, 45 Representatives plus electors for the District of Columbia. Certain federal officials cannot be electors Senators, Representatives, or persons holding an office of trust or profit under the United States.

The U.S. Constitution contains very few provisions relating to the qualifications of electors. Article II, section 1, clause provides that no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. As a historical matter, the 14th Amendment provides that State officials who have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States or given aid and comfort to its enemies are disqualified from serving as electors. This prohibition relates to the post-Civil War era. A States certification of electors on its Certificates of Ascertainment is generally sufficient to establish the qualifications of electors.

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Order of Succession

According to the Presidential Succession Act of 147, if the President of the United States is incapacitated, dies, resigns, is for any reason unable to hold his office, or is removed from office (impeached and convicted), people in the following offices, in this order, will assume the office of the President, provided they are qualified as stated by the Constitution to assume the office of the President, which means they have to be must be at least 5 years old, must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, and have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

1.Vice President- Dick Cheney

.Speaker of the House- J. Dennis Hastert

.President Pro Tempore of the Senate - Ted Stevens

4.Secretary of State- Colin Powell

5.Secretary of the Treasury -Paul ONeill

6.Secretary of Defense -Donald Rumsfeld

7.Attorney General -John Ashcroft

8.Secretary of the Interior -Steve Griles

.Secretary of Agriculture -Ann M. Veneman

10.Secretary of Commerce - Don Evans

11.Secretary of Labor Elaine L. Chao

1.Secretary of Health and Human Services - Tommy G. Thompson

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African American Images in Film

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The image of African Americans in film has made a gradual shift from that of the past. From the degrading and negative stereotypes of the early minstrel shows, to the inspirational and uplifting depiction of race movies, to the breaking of role barriers of modern day films. This gradual shift has allowed the African American culture to develop and expand along with the likes of the motion picture industry, all the while dealing with, experiencing and overcoming the racial stereotypes that served as barriers for African Americans in the beginning.

The early images of African Americans, stemming from that of the times of slavery, were depictions of an uneducated people, happy go lucky people, people who sat around doing nothing all day but dancing and singing, eating and sleeping.

These images were images that derived from the times of slavery. The stereotypical images and misconceptions of African American images in movies have been a constant theme of mockery and ignorance since slavery. The ideas, thoughts, story and content of the movies derived from the narrow and racist mindframe of White America and the White culture. These misconceptions and racial depictions of African Americans developed into the very controversial minstrel shows. The way of life for African Americans during the time of minstrel shows, was a mockery. And as their way of living made it to the stage, the only way to be heard through entertainment for many African American actors, was to convey the portrayal of their culture and image through the racially stereotypical form.1

The African American image was depicted in such a negative way through the racial stereotypes of the minstrel shows, perpetuation of the African American slave life, yet with the development of these minstrel shows, their negativity and very stereotypical subject matter and racial classification, an opportunity and a chance paved the way for African Americans to enter into the motion picture industry.

With the introduction of the motion picture industry, white America now had a way to visually project the stereotypical views of African Americans. The industry became the medium to reinforce many commonly held beliefs about African Americans. The most demeaning held that African Americans were good for entertainment purposes. Soon those ideas and perceptions of African Americans were projected on screen and White America was now able to create and reconstruct stories and visually project them onto the screen for viewing.

Yet the neither the creating nor constructing took place, for they simply incorporated the popular cultural symbols, images and views of the time. The end result, images of African Americans on screen that mirrored the racial and stereotypical images of society. White American Filmmakers borrowed their racial themes and characters from white sources. Unwilling or unable to develop new material for a growing movie audience, many filmmakers played on race humor, with African Americans as the center and theme of many jokes and pranks. This particular practice continued as more and more imagery of African Americans were incorporated onto the movie screen.

An outcry to this depiction and portrayal of African Americans inspired many African American writers, producers and actors to develop a genre that would be inspirational and uplifting to the African American people. A new genre that would show that African Americans were full of dignity and pride, very talented and capable of playing educated and highly interesting theatrical roles. This genre that developed for the inspiration of African Americans were called race movies and they served the specific purpose of inspiring and uplifting, and erasing the racial stereotypes that had already been form.

The race movies became a success and introduced many new and non-stereotypical roles for African Americans. Race movies were made specifically by and for African Americans and it was no wonder that the downfall of the race movie era centered on the whites trying to capitalize in on the success of them. Yet nonetheless, with the integration of African Americans and whites in the motion picture industry, new roles, new perceptions and new pathways were set. This particular relationship of whites and blacks lead to the development of the modern day films of today where African Americans are taking on mostly the same kind of inspirational and uplifting, educational and talented roles of their white counterparts.

The year now, is 00, and looking back, it has been a long, long road for African Americans in the film industry. It is important to understand just how and why the African American image and presence in film has such a significant importance to those of African American descent especially but to those who are

interested in their struggle as well. In order to understand just how and why African Americans came to where they are now in 00 in the motion picture industry, one has to take a trip back to the beginning and ride along that paved path that gave birth to the gradual shift of African Americans in film today.

The Movie medium itself was invented during the late 1800's with the invention of the motion picture camera and projector. Movies were not the invention of one person First, the device to photograph moving objects had to be invented, the motion picture camera and then a device to project those pictures, a projector. The entire development process involved six people Etienne Jules Marey, Eadweard Muybridge, Thomas Edison, William K. L. Dickson, and Auguste and Louis Lumiere. 1

Each inventor contributed significantly to the development of movies, however, it was Thomas Edison who organized the first public American showing of a motion picture premier with an improved camera developed by inventor Thomas Armat on April , 186.1 This was an important start for the motion picture industry and with that, movies became sideshows and then nickelodeons, and then into full screen pictures. In addition, in 188, African-Americans first appeared on the screen, appearing only months after the first theatrical projection of moving images.

The first films showed black soldiers embarking for the Spanish American war of 188. From there on, as editing for the moving images improved, black figures

fell more in life with the racial stereotypes of the day, appearing as chicken thieves, venal preachers, and the like. They only rarely turned up in marginally authentic roles in films such as the Rights of Nations (107) which depicted black culture in a warped form.

As the anniversary of the Civil War approached in 110, African American slaves, once the focus of combat, were reduced to sentimental figures who often sided with their Southern masters against their Northern liberators.

The first steps toward a specifically black cinema arose out of these rituals of white chauvinism. Bill Foster, an African American whose work has been lost, made such films as The Railroad Porter, probably a light comedy set in a particularly black milieu in 11. The Birth of a Race (118), two years in the making and perhaps three hours in length, began as a response to D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation (115), the most renowned and artistically, the most compelling of the genre of African American films. 4

After World War I, the American movie industry gradually moved to California- Hollywood. The so-called Jazz Age offered little new to African Americans. Few movies offered blacks parts with any authenticity. Such parts included the grizzled hobo in Jim Tully's tale of the lowly, Beggars of Life (18); the seaman boldly played by the boxer George Godfrey in James Cruze's Old Ironsides (16). However, blacks generally played out conventional roles as chorus girls, convicts, racetrack grooms, boxing trainers, and flippant servants. These roles were simple reminders of previous years when the African American actor had

only certain stereotypical roles they portrayed or played. These roles were defined through that of Minstrel Shows.

Minstrel Shows developed in the 1840s, peaked after the Civil War and remained popular into the early 100s. Minstrelsy was product of its time, the only entertainment form born out of blind bigotry. In the shows, white men blackened their faces with burnt cork to lampoon Negroes, performing songs and skits that sentimentalized the nightmare of a slave life on Southern plantations. Blacks were shown as innocent buffoons who sang and danced the days away.4 White entertainer Thomas Rice, better known as Tommy "Daddy Rice, who witnessed a handicapped black man dancing and singing the Jim Crow song, popularized blackface in the early 1800's. He took this dance, exaggerated it and performed in black face. This type of performance, blackface, became a hit and perpetuated all the racial stereotypes of African Americans. This became a popular misrepresentation since slavery times. Minstrel shows were so popular that even some African American performers had to use them to be heard. "African American performers, even the most talented, could not escape the fantastically artificiality of the caricature in which they had been imprisoned". Light skinned African American actor, Bert Williams had to "blacken"5 up just to perform. Even though he was a well-spoken man, he had to perform like the stereotypical sambo in a show called Real Coons. Al Jolson, another performer of blackface, was far the most famous graduate of minstrelsy. He toured with the traveling minstrel shows before entering Broadway and

Hollywood. He his especially known for his blackface role in that of the "The Jazz Singer" (18).1

No one ever accused Al Jolson as being a racist. Jolson, a Russian born Jew, openly advocated equal rights for blacks at a time when it was very dangerous to do so. He insisted that blackface gave him the emotional freedom to take risks as a performer.

Whatever his intentions were for the performance in blackface, the sight of a white man covered with burnt cork singing " Mammy" was an unsettling reminder of the racial and cultural mindset to African Americans that was portrayed through the performance of minstrel shows.

Yet, no matter how unsettling the sight was and how much minstrelsy reminded African Americans of the racial and cultural mindsets or the perpetuations of African American stereotypes, the popularity of these images on the stage entered into the likes of the motion picture industry; paving the way for African Americans to enter the motion picture industry after the Civil War.

However, with this unsettling remainder, many African American producers, writers, and actors wanted to be portrayed in an uplifting light. They wanted African Americans in film to play roles that did not stereotype their culture but inspired it. They wanted films that were not based on the slavery life or the old African American life of singing and dancing, joking and jiving. As time moved on, many African Americans wanted more from the pictures they were acting in, they no longer wanted the roles of the uneducated black person.5

Beginning in 110 and continuing through World War II, a new genre arose in the film industry. This new genre called "race movies" was a development by African American independent filmmakers who were frustrated with the stereotypes of African American people. The race movies came into being because white Hollywood refused to acknowledge that African Americans were anything more than shufflin', scratchin', and grinnin' people who leaned on brooms and spoke bad English. The independent filmmakers, frustrated, decided to take their own cameras and make their own films, in order to show that the African American people were more than what Hollywood had stereotyped them to be.

Between 110 and the early 150's, more than 500 race films were produced, directed, and distributed, mostly by African American film companies, to what were primarily African American owned theaters and their African American audiences. " I was blown away from seeing those black images in stories that were dramatic" says Pearl Bowser, a film archivist and producer of the race-film documentary "Midnight Ramble". "I felt a presence of identity was going on the screen. It was stimulating- a time when you could connect with the people in the movie."

Oddly, so-called race movies, many of which have been lost, were inspired by D.W. Griffith's glorification of the Ku Klux Klan, " The Birth of a Nation." The 115 epic, which the American Film Institute questionably lists as one of the greatest American movies of all time, gives a naïve and one-sided view

of Reconstruction, and portrays African American men as ugly animals who love to rape women. "The film is almost universal recognized as a milestone in the development of world cinema".5

It portrays the freed slaves as brutes out to conquer the white women. The film includes just bout all the stereotypes of African Americans that had been developing in the movies since the mid 180s" (leap 5). Contrary to the blatant racial stereotypes in this movie, it is still considered by many to be a masterpiece. The outcries against The Birth of a Nation did nothing more than drive the racism underground. Future film portrayals still held underlying racism and stereotypes. African Americans were not able to attain any dignified roles. If an African American was allowed any stature at all, it was in servile role.

A year later after D.W. Griffiths tale hit the screens, two brothers, George and Noble Johnson produced through their Lincoln Motion Picture Company, " The Realization of a Negro's Ambitions". This film was the first feature-length film produced, directed and starring African Americans. George Johnson described the film, about an African American man who strikes oil and becomes a millionaire, as " the first successful, Class 'A' Negro motion picture minus all burlesque and humiliating comedy." This production indeed opened the path for race movies.5

Most notable in the movement was Oscar Micheaux, who is considered the Dean of Early Black American cinema and had made over 40 films known during

his lifetime and is considered the prolific African American filmmaker. Oscar Micheaux was born in 1884 in Metropolis, Illinois. 5

After living in Chicago in the early 100s, Micheaux believed the only independent future for the African American man lay on the Western Frontier. Inspired by the teachings of Booker T. Washington and the pioneer philosophy of Horace Greeley, Micheaux believed that there was no future without the access to and ownership of land. He was a determined entrepreneur who literally went west to make his fortune.5

In 108, he began writing novels and with the production of the film by the Johnson brothers, they approached Micheaux and asked to purchase the film rights for his popular novel, the Homesteader. He adapted the novel "The Homesteader," about an African American man living on the plains of South Dakota, into a film in 117; it was released in 11, gathering rave reviews and tremendous box office success.5

Micheaux covered a variety of subjects in his movies. He portrayed African Americans in melodramas, dramas about social problems, gangster stories and musicals all without resorting to stereotypes. Micheaux's films offered a wide range look at African American life in early 0th century America, and his themes reverberate with contemporary urgency, probing such issues as the politics of skin. In contrast to the usual Hollywood treatment of African Americans, Micheaux frequently showed them in positions of authority and respectability. Despite criticisms that they were unrealistic, they were a source of pride to the African American Community. They offered depiction of fully developed black

characters that were an alternative to the simplistic and often cruel stereotypes of mainstream cinema. Some 0-race film companies were formed after his triumph, with hundreds of the movies being shown in black-owned theaters across the country. There were independent companies producing race films in such diverse locations such as Jacksonville, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Chicago and New York.5

According to Dr. Adrienne Lanier Seward, a professor at Colorado College, "films were popular with black audiences, despite their low budgets and technical inferiority compared with the mainstream productions because they catered specifically to the imaginations of African Americans." " The appeal to often lay in their ability to capture the social themes of education, upward mobility, race, pride, social achievement and patriotism, which were daily concerns in African American life in the decades before and after World War II," noted Seward. More important, she adds, interest in those themes conveyed the notion that " black audiences were not inherently different from…whites."

Indeed, Oscar Micheaux attacked such topics head on, talking up taboo subjects of lynching and other injustices visited upon African Americans in the South after the Civil War. Others focused on color and class in the black community, and the effects of social ills like alcoholism and domestic abuse.

The moviegoers were not the only ones who benefited. William Greaves, an actor who starred in several race films, including "Miracle in Harlem" and " Souls of Sin", says the movement also created an outlet for actors who were tired of the

buffoon roles offered to them in movies like D.W. Griffith's " The Birth of a Nation" and " Gone with the Wind."

Many actors, who had roles of shufflin' and dancin' in early minstrel shows, now had a chance and were able to establish themselves as serious artists in the setting of race movies.

Many African American actors of the early minstrel shows were indeed isolated and depicted showing that this is how all black people were, this was the African American culture and this is how they are to be portrayed. It gave white Americans the chance to oppress African Americans with impunity by demeaning their character and standards and making sure that they were widely displayed through the film medium. The film industry itself served as a medium that reinforced the ideas and beliefs of the white culture. As long as there were racist white filmmakers, the African American image and culture would continue to be ridiculed and racially depicted.

It is for this particular reason that race movies became and were so popular and remains so today. The African American culture wants to be shown on screen in a positive way, they no longer wanted to be racially ridiculed and humiliated. The times of slavery were over and many African Americans wanted to be representative in truth and not by how White American judged them. According to Tony Cade Bambera a writer in the Bowsers documentary "Race movies are proof that certain kinds of assaults on the image of African Americans, such as Birth of a Nation, did not go unanswered, race movies were proof that there was a movement in those days to try to do justice to African American characters and to community life." "It gives us memories," Bambara says, "and a sense of the past and puts a bone in the back."4

Yet, in the midst of all of the inspiration and newfound roles that blacks had especially in the films of Oscar Micheaux. Hollywood, considered mainstream cinema, sought out a way to capitalize on the successful earnings that many prosperous race movies were having. In 1, race movies made by African American producers started to die out when Hollywood saw the market. The mainstream industry began making films with Black outcasts for Black

audiences, choking off independent producers and distributors. Which lead to the new development of Modern day films.

Once the mainstream cinema started focusing on making money from black films, they started to integrate African Americans into their world. The disappearance of race movies led to the integration of African Americans into mainstream cinema. And with the integration of African American in mainstream cinema, came new opportunities, new roles and new depictions of the African American society, though the underlying traces of racism and stereotypes were still there, African Americans as a whole started to receive better opportunities and better roles in the motion picture industry.

Yet a younger generation of African American filmmakers emerged from academic settings, asserting that black expression could be appreciated on its own terms, this new black cinema aimed to preserve black culture both within the Hollywood system and apart from it. New distributors, including Black Filmmakers Foundation, California Newsreel, and Woman Make Movies, Inc., aimed at select audiences and academic circles rather than mass markets.

The best known of the new black filmmakers during the 180's and 10's was probably Spike Lee, who managed to win large audiences for almost everything he produced, film school exercises, credit-card financed early efforts such as She's Gotta Have It (186), television commercials, and promotional pieces. He also directed a string of Hollywood successes, including one of the most

politically challenging and commercially successful films of the new black cinema Do The Right Thing (18).5

As black filmmakers became more prolific, black actors in Hollywood, Super name or not such as the likes of Denzel Washington, Danny Glover, Halle Berry, Will Smith, and Jada Pinkett, among others got steady, rather than sporadic work. Denzel Washington and Halle Berry are credited with being the two first African Americans to win an Emmy Award. By the late 10s, the steadily expanding African American presence in American film seemed to assure a solid future for the new black cinema.4

So in conclusion, the gradual shift of the image of African Americans from that of the development of minstrel shows, to that of the inspirational and uplifting race movies to the modern films of today, has indeed allowed the African American culture to develop and expand along with the likes of the motion picture industry. The journey for African Americans to be able to have a positive representation on screen was a long and hard road to take and with out a doubt there are still many barriers that need to broken even today. But the change from the past to now has been well worth it and now African Americans can at least know that many roles that are available today were not even thought of in earlier days. African American have sought to change, redevelop and redefine their racially depicted image filled with racism and stereotypes held by White Americans, all the while dealing with, experiencing and overcoming the racial stereotypes that served as barriers for African Americans in the beginning.

End Notes

1. Shirley Biagi. Media Impact An Introduction to Mass Media 6th edition (California Thomson and Wadsworth, 00), 148-14.

. Leab, Daniel J. From Sambo to Superspade The Black Experience in Motion Pictures (Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Co 175).

. Lott, Tommy. "Black Film Issue." Black American Literature Forum 5. (17), 8-8

4. Barclay, Dolores 'A Separate Cinema' a retrospective of 'race movies' July 18. http//www.ardmoreite.com/stories/07078/ent_blacks.shtml

5. Jones, Tiffany Iruwa African Americans in Film From Birth of a Nation to Spike Lee 18. www.albany.edu/projren/18_/jones.html

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