Distribution of income in Australia

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"What factors determine the distribution of income in Australia? Discuss the economic and social costs and benefits of inequality in the distribution of income. Evaluate government policies aimed at reducing inequality of income distribution."

Income inequality in Australia is determined by a number of factors. It also has specific cost and benefits. The costs are ameliorated by government policies especially through welfare provision. However, the effectiveness of government policies depends on their context in the economic climate and government policies overall.

Income inequality in Australia can be summarised via the Lorenz curve (see Diagram 1). The curve demonstrates the degree of inequality by calculating the Gini coefficient. It shows that Australia has a fairly unequal distribution of income considering that the further the coefficient is from 0 the more unequal the society. Australia stands at 0.446 (18 figure). Broken down, the lowest quintile earns a .8% share of income whilst the top earns 48.% (see Table 1) However, this information also masks important factors shaping distribution and hence government responses.

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Various factors, including market, institutional and social forces determine the distribution of income in Australia. Across various industries, market forces (in association with boards and unions) can determine income distribution across occupations. The highest paid group is managers and administrators, with a mean weekly income of $7 per week. At the bottom of the table, the lowest paid group consists of labourers and related workers with $480 per week. Furthermore, a clear inequality in the distribution of income according to occupation occurs in the income between men and women in each occupational field, with men on average earning over 15% more than women.

Various institutional forces train and educate people to fit the criteria of particular jobs. Schools are one of the largest institutional forces because they educate young people for a minimum of ten years. Social forces are also important. Due to Australia's multiculturalism, the distribution of income according to ethnic background plays a significant role. For example; overall, incomes of persons born overseas are higher than those who are of Australian origin ($,0 compared to $8,810). However, people from non-English speaking backgrounds generally tend to have lower incomes than those born in Australia ($8,810 compared to $7,50). Average income also differs according to the continent of origin for migrants. Persons of American origin have the highest average income ($1,780), while those of Asian origin have the lowest ($7,50). These factors in many cases prove to equal an inequality in the distribution of income, which cannot always be overcome by conventional government policies.

As shown by the factors discussed above, it is easy to see how high-risk individuals may fall into the poverty cycle. Self-perpetuating poverty significantly contributes to the inequality in income distribution. The cycle is very hard to break out of and is associated with the increased inequality in income distribution. This is because the poor getting less, but with more people stuck in the poverty cycle, there are less qualified persons to work in various industries.

Whilst most people would regard income inequality as a negative phenomenon because of its social costs, there are arguments that various economic and social costs and benefits can be derived from inequality. When looking at the economic benefits, the labour force must increase its level of education and skills. For example, highly skilled specialists can expect to receive more income than a skilled assistant worker does. Thus, income inequality encourages an increase in the quality of the labour force.

The labour force will also be encouraged to work longer and harder as the potential to earn higher income produces an incentive for workers, this may also assist with economic growth. The same goes for entrepreneurs, who receive an extra reward for risk taking, as this means the setting up of new businesses, and expanding existing ones. As labour shortages develop in some industries and surpluses in others, higher income incentives will encourage labour to gain the necessary skills, and make the effort, to move to an industry where it is needed for the economy.

When regarding to the economic costs of inequality we can gather the fact that overall utility is reduced. This is based on the assumption that people on higher incomes gain less utility from an increase in income than people on lower incomes. This is derived from the principle of diminishing marginal utility as more of a good is consumed, it will provide progressively less utility to the consumer.

Keynes saw consumption as "the engine of economic growth, as it allowed for investment and employment". Therefore, greater inequality will lead to lower consumption, lower economic activity and lower living standards. One of the outcomes of inequality is relative poverty. This is where those on the lowest levels of income are comparatively poorer than the rest of society. Relative poverty leads to low self-esteem which may result in people not working to their full capacity or not working at all. An outcome of inequality is government assistance. Australians expect governments to provide a minimum income for the least well off in society, thus around 40% of commonwealth government spending each year is allocated to social security and welfare.

Inequality may also bring social benefits if it promotes a desirable social structure. However since the distribution of income and wealth is not determined in a social system that gives everyone the same level of opportunity, the distribution of income does not accurately reflect the productivity level of individuals. There are three main reasons for the inequality of opportunity in countries such as Australia

1. Existing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth tends to perpetuate inequality of opportunity. For instance, higher income earners may have easier access to better educational resources and assistance which will open up to higher-paid occupations.

. Not everyone has the same mental and physical attributes and therefore the same potential with regard to the acquisition of income and wealth.

. People who acquire wealth through inheritance have a much greater opportunity to build up their wealth through production and investments, as opposed to those who start with no wealth.

The two major social costs of inequality are problems associated with social class divisions and poverty. As Michael Raper states, "Growing inequality is a critical problem for all Australians-not just the poor". Class division can result in tensions between people and between different regions. Wage disputes between workers and management, in which workers try to improve their income level, are a common cause of industrial disputes. These divisions can lead to social and economic upheaval. Whilst Australia does not have significant levels of absolute poverty, many people live in relative poverty. High poverty levels reflect badly on societies and often leads to misery for these in poverty.

Government policies can impact upon the distribution of income throughout society in direct (fiscal and income policies) and indirect ways. Australia offers a safety net which costs around 40% of Commonwealth government spending each year. Social security and welfare gives entitlements and benefits to the unemployed, low income earners, aged pensioners, the disabled, children, students and others. These various welfare policies are backed up by a progressive taxation system, which increases the proportion of income paid in tax as the level of income rises. Since, the impact of government policies aimed at creating a more equitable distribution of income can be outweighed by consequences of other government policies, we must question whether or not income equality seeking policies are a substantial safety net for people who fit into this category.

To counter the distribution of income inequality argument, the government takes on many proactive measures and policies. These include disability pensions, child allowances, subsidised housing, reduced transport fares, pharmaceutical benefits, Medicare system, dole payments, incentive schemes. The government uses these kinds of policies in an attempt to help people get employed and to also be employed at their appropriate work level. So with 40% of the Commonwealth spending, and a bag full of policies why has nothing changed since the 80's where the incomes of the poorest 60% of families fell, while the incomes of the richest 40% rose?

However, there are various forces at work in the economy. Using the employment issue as a small case study, we can see a 50% increase in casual jobs in the past decade. This is mainly due to current industrial aims. For example, a company hires part-time workers to do the work of 1 full time worker to gain a flexible workforce. Part-time workers may be laid-off more easily and also miss out on benefits available to full-time workers. For casuals its even worse since there are practically no benefits and the employer decides when you will and won't work. Currently almost one in four jobs are casual.

In order to attempt to deal with such an alarming issue, the Commission for the Future of Work advocated four main goals for Australia sufficient paid work for all who want it; fair access to paid work; fair and adequate incomes; and a better balance between paid work, unpaid work and other activities. They also proposed a number of reforms including; increased taxes to pay for initiatives such as labour market programs and training; and a central role for the Australian Industrial Relations Commission to restrain wage inflation. These, however directly conflict with the proposed industrial relations and social security reforms of the current Australian government.

Thus, the commission was left with aspirations without any fixed plans. They did however publish reports such as A future that works for all of us which outlines and criticises government policies which claim to work towards a more equitable distribution of income but which conflict with other aspects of the Australian government and the economy, and in this case, profit generating ones.

Overall, the success of government policies depends on what is considered important, especially in terms of the costs and benefits of inequality, as well as the context of government policies within liberalised markets and deregulated industries.

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Comparing universities

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Benchmark Assignment

Research into Higher Education Institutes

I have decided to research computing from three different higher education institutes. I have researched the location of the university, duration of the course, what possible career can I achieve, the workload over the years and entry requirements. I have chosen to research the following universities the following universities

„University of Wolverhampton

„University of Central England

„Aston University

Comparative Evaluation

UCE University

Computing BSc (Hons) at UCE is years in full-time, 4 years in sandwich and 5 years if I choose to do it part-time. The university is located in Perry Barr, Birmingham. The computing degree provides students with knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and practices relating to computing. Students will gain all the vital skills to decompose problems using appropriate methods of analysis, development and implementation.

The course contains the following modules

„Information and Business

„Computer Technology

„Software Design

„Presentation on Information

„Information systems in business

„Internet Application development

Students also have the opportunity to study one of the following subjects

„Intelligent systems

„Multimedia

„Network Technology

The course makes use of a wide range of assessment techniques, which include examinations, coursework, group studies, presentations and project work.

The course requires the following achievements for entry

„5 GCSEs (including maths and English) grade C or above

„GCE A level 160 points

„Vocational A level 160 points

„BTEC National with merits in the final year

„NVQ level

„Applicants are strongly encouraged from access courses.

Aston University

Computing at Aston is years full-time and 4 years sandwich. Students will be studying computer science along with other subjects. Computing will enable students to expertise in software development and key applications of computing. Students will study the following modules

Year 1

„Information systems and databases

„Internet computing

„Data structures

„Maths for computing

Year

„Group project

„Operating systems

„Systems Analysis

„Aspects of computing

„Graphics

Final Year

„Software engineering

„Software development

„Individual project

This course provides a practical and balanced approach to the design and applications of computing. A thorough grounding in programming and systems that underpin current work in computing. In the final year students will be able to select modules of their personal interest or career relevance. The course can also be combined with other applications such as business, psychology, maths or a European language.

The course requires the following achievements

„ GCE A levels and AS level subjects

„Maths A / AS level preferred

„GCSE Maths grade B required

„IB 1 points

„BTEC national At merits and distinction

Conclusion

My preferred course is computing at UCE. I have chosen this particular institute and this course because I feel all the modules and course content will provide me with all the relevant skills required for my career.

I have completed all of the modules at basic levels therefore I won¡¦t face a lot of difficulty at a higher level. My current course is currently covering aspects of software design, Internet technology, presentations and projects. I think this will give me the vital edge to tackle all the problems and invent solutions.

My other reasons include distance to and from the university, I will not have much difficulty in travelling which will give me more time in my studies. This will also help me financially because I will still be living at home and continuing with my education where I have left of.

Assignment log

„www.aston.ac.uk

„www.uce.ac.uk

„http//asp.wlv.ac.uk

I have downloaded some of my information from the above websites. I have also studied the universities prospectus and UCAS book.

Academic and Career Goals

I aim to achieve an excellent grade for my access course and take in core information. I expect this will give me all the vital skill I need to overcome workload at universities. I aim to do a placement year at a computer based environment so I gain knowledge about the world of work and how tough it is out there. In my final year at university I will apply for posts such as software engineer of developer or an IT consultant/technician I wish myself all the

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A Separate Peace - Finny

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"He was everywhere, he enjoyed himself hugely, he laughed out loud at passing sea gulls(). This line is describing Phineas, or Finny, and how he lives life to it's fullest and seizes the day. Finny is an example of living the carpe diem (seize the day) philosophy.

There are a few examples in the first part of this novel of how Finny takes advantage of life. The first example is how he enjoys himself so much at the beach. Gene describes how Finny has such a great time at the beach as seen in the opening quote. He says he runs all over the place and jumps into waves, laughing at the seagulls, when most others would be lying on the beach being lazy.

Another example of Finny living a full life is that he makes up his own game just because he doesn't want to waste his time playing badminton. The strange thing is that this game turns out to be a popular game in the novel, which is still played 15 years later as the author says. Finny invents this game just on a spur of the moment, making up the rules as he goes along, you can see that he surely doesn't want to waste any of his ability. Which points you to the last example.

The last example is concerning his incredible athletic ability. Finny and Gene are in the pool one day, and they read the plaque that holds the swimming record times. Finny looks at one and decides that he can beat that time record. He tries, and he beats the record. Gene wants him to do it on front of an official judge. Finny refuses and says No, I just wanted to see if I could do it. Now I know(5). This tells you that he lives life to it's fullest, since he is just doing this to see if he can. Most people wouldn't even think about trying to see if they could break the record, they would be too lazy to go find a stop-watch anyway.

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He runs around and has fun all day at the beach when everyone else is just lying around being lazy. He doesn't want to waste his time playing boring games like badminton, so he makes up his own game which turns out to be a hit with the other students in his school. He also beats a swimming time record just to see if he can, but he doesn't want any recognition. The preceding examples demonstrate that Phineas lives the carpe diem, or seize the day philosophy.

Please note that this sample paper on A Separate Peace - Finny is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Separate Peace - Finny, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essayon A Separate Peace - Finny will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Workplace Observation

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In discussing network based, team based, boundary-less and traditional organizations,

we first want to point out the facts of each type of organization. According to Dessler,

a Network based organization is a system of interconnected or cooperating individuals. (Dessler pg. 140) He describes three types of organizational networks to include formal,

informal and electronics networks. Basically all managers and supervisors no matter what department they are in or their geographic location work together and have direct contact with one another. Whether it is a formal, informal or electronic network-based organization. The end results are all the same. Better communication, more coordinated efforts and expedited results.

The network-based organization is a far cry from a traditional one. While communication between department managers still exist to a certain degree in a traditional company. The procedure of up-channeling all ideas to one head person or small board slows down the result process. Also with no internal network present it may take days or even weeks to get a response to a problem needing addressing today. Team based organizations are a group of people who work together and share a common work objective. (Dessler, PG 17) In the organizations in our present time, teams are used as functional tools due to growing competition using these types of organizations. Normally when teams are formed in an organization in order to complete the companies business, it is completed with productive results versus an individual effort.

Appropriate Situations and Applications

A formal organizational network has been defined as a recognized group of managers assembled by the CEO and the senior executive team. (Dessler, pg. 140) This is used in organizations in the modern business world in order to keep communication flowing to let all departments know what is going on within the company as far as decision-making and activities. An effective formal network will have an impact of upper managements job responsibilities. Dessler also tells us that an effective formal network can and should take the initiative to Handle more of the inter-unit coordination the CEO might otherwise have to do, leaving him more time for strategic planning. (Dessler, pg. 140) Having networks in place allows companies to be more versatile and responsive to a changing market. An informal organizational network, Dessler tells us consist of

cooperating individuals who are connected only informally. They share information and

help solve each others problems based on a personal knowledge of each others expertise. (Dessler, pg.14) Some effective tools for building informal networks are improving personal relationships and shifting personnel to new facilities. This has the natural effect of building relationships and expanding informal networks. The next type of networking is Electronic Networking, which is described by Dessler as networking through e-mail and collaborative computer software. (Dessler, pg.14) This is an incredibly powerful tool considering it allows people world wide to collaborate on issues of importance to their organizations, and also expands the possibilities of who can participate. The last type of organization we will discuss is the boundary-less organization which Dessler defines as one in which the widespread use of teams, networks, and similar structural mechanisms means that the "walls" which typically separate organizational functions and hierarchical are reduced and made more permeable. (Dessler, PG 144) Depending on what level the company wants to take it to the walls can be taken down not only within the company, but also between the suppliers and even the customer.

This should give us a better understanding of the different types of networks and organizations and hopefully a better idea of how to maximize their potential in today's Business environment.

Organizations The Advantages of each

We've now looked at how each organization is alike and different. And some of the causes of network based organizations in comparison to traditional organizations. Now we will take a look at the advantages each can bring.

Network-based

Network-based organizations hold a distinct advantage over the other two by allowing work to be accomplished in a timely and coordinated manner. Network based organizations are not held back from accomplishing this no manner how distant the working units are from one another. Network organizations also can call on managers from different departments, units and geographic locations into one working team.

Please note that this sample paper on Workplace Observation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Workplace Observation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Workplace Observation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Walking Around" by Pablo Neruda Analysis

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Walking Through Hell

Pablo Neruda's poem "Walking Around" displays a horrid look at society from a struggling class side in a communist light. Neruda uses personal accounts to describe an angry view on democracy and similar forms of government through tactical metaphors. Repetition helps create a dark feeling inside the speaker's head, similar to a depressed line of thought. The speaker feels sickened by the human race's destruction of the world and morality. He feels that the government has destined his life to be their tool and his desire not to be pulls him through each day. Thoughts of overcoming these obstacles are tightly pressed for he sees himself as just one man. Neruda concludes his character trudging on in reality; with hope that one day he will be more than just one man and they can overcome barriers created by their government.

In the first stanza we learn that the speaker feels like human life is a complete run-down and would like nothing more than to escape its walls. The first line states, "It happens that I am tired of being a man" (1). He continues, "It happens that I go into tailor's shops and the movies/ all shriveled up, impenetrable, like a felt swan/ navigating on a water of origin and ash" (-4). As he follows the steps of his life, the speaker is dragged down by materialism and feels fake next to it. The entertainment industry's exploitations and exaggerations cause him to feel empty. He is moving through the sweat of the past to a future he hopes isn't inevitable. The last line can also be related to the sea of the government, controlling entertainment and merchandise, which encompasses so much of the world.

The second stanza holds a better view of how Neruda's poem represents intense emotions against government power and the state of humanity. After a continued image from the first stanza, we read, "I want nothing but the repose either of stones or of wool" (6). Stones and wool are relative to earth and animal, nature in its pure form. The speaker wishes there to be only "pure" nature. The lines, "I want to see no more establishments, no more gardens, / nor merchandise, nor glasses, nor elevators," (6-8), represent the five major powers. Establishment is clearly the government systems under which he lives. Gardens can be viewed as man attempting to recreate the natural beauty of the world; the speaker wants a "pure" nature, not man-made. Merchandise easily designates our monopolies, circulation of money, expenses which rise every month. Seeing the world through rose-colored glasses is looking only at what is good for you, this gives us glass. Elevators are the easy-ups in life, old money; while some must climb the ladder of success, some people hold the key to the elevators in their back pocket. The speaker could only achieve his "pure" nature if these things were absent.

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Neruda relates the speaker to human again before expressing, "Just the same it would be delicious/ to scare a notary with a cut lily" (1-1). These lines show that the speaker has an ambition to disrupt the law and change the plan of his life in zany ways. He continues, "Or knock a nun stone dead with one blow of an ear" (14). Nuns are considered to be married to God; you are creating a greater act against God by killing a nun than a priest. He speaks against physical laws with the notary but switches to fate with an attack against God. Neruda concludes in a short stanza, "It would be beautiful/ to go through the streets with a green knife/ shouting until I died of cold" (15-17). Green is the color of jealousy and envy, a root of his rage; the knife is also an example of extreme anger. He is saying he wants to put up a fight.

"I do not want to go on being a root in the dark," (18), simply explains that he is sick of always helping the government get stronger by draining funds into needed expenses. The speaker no longer wants to suck up the water for someone else and would like to raise up high enough to actually see its benefits. We read "I do not want to be the inheritor of so many misfortunes" (). This is a crystal clear line explaining that he does not want to continue and have this broken record be his future. The speaker does not want to fall victim to the government and become lost in its sea with lost dreams decaying in his mind, killing him slowly. He says this in, "I do not want to continue as a root and as a tomb, / as a solitary tunnel, as a cellar full of corpses, / stiff with cold, dying with pain" (-5).

Neruda has defined the speaker at this point as a disgruntled citizen of a society that keeps the poor, poor and the rich, rich. He wants nothing more than the opportunity to excel, but he is being held back by forces he outside of his control. "For this reason Monday burns like oil," (6), this describes the anger of returning to a dead-end job every week knowing that he is supporting that which he despises. A day of work is like torture "and it howls in passing like a wounded wheel," (8), breaking more as it goes and screaming with the agony. He examines the rage that drives him forward in the line, "and its footsteps towards nightfall are filled with hot blood" (). Monday pains his spirit, but the end of the day brings a renewed energy to beat the system.

Hell on earth is the state in which our speaker finds himself. In line 0 he feels pushed home through what sounds like a mirror description of hell "And it shoves me along to certain corners, to certain damp houses,/ to hospitals where the bones come out of the windows,/ to certain cobblers' shops smelling of vinegar,/ to streets horrendous as crevices" (0-). The streets on his way home are filled with holes that the speaker could easily fall into if he doesn't pay attention. These crevices hold death itself, as Neruda describes clearly using are senses to create a rank, dirty vision of death. Death is being stuck in one of these holes in a diseased city and not overcoming what he feels the government deems his fate.

The hell continues, "There are birds the color of sulphur, and horrible intestines/ hanging from the doors of the houses which I hate," (4-5). Sulphur is known for its horrible stench, and the vision of intestines hanging on doors is quite easily hell. The grotesque imagery of hell is amplified by Neruda's use of hate in this stanza. In lines 7 and 8 Neruda writes, "there are mirrors/ which should have wept with shame and horror." This describes the vision of the speaker in other men that make him hate things about himself. Line refers to "poisons," which are involved with the above-mentioned pits of despair. The speaker feels incredibly strong about his place in the system, as is abundantly apparent in this poem.

The final stanza brings the speaker back to being a man, it begins, "I stride along with calm, with eyes, with shoes, / with fury, with forgetfulness," (40-41). The shoes define him as a man, but all are characteristics of human beings. Once again, the speaker is faced with the reality of still being just one man. It seems not to bother him as much, for he seems relaxed, continuing, "I pass, I cross offices and stores full of orthopedic appliances, / and courtyards hung with clothes on wires, / underpants, towels and shirts which weep/ slow dirty tears" (4-45). He talks about passing by distractions that could lead him astray from his goals. He notices the objects of the world, characterizing them with "slow dirty tears." They cry at the outrage of human existence, that it has allowed itself to become so close to destruction. The speaker is depressed by the world and continues to attempt a rise above it.

This poem involves two conflicts; one is man v. self and the other is man v. government/man. The speaker feels suppressed by the control his government reigns over him and fears he will not be able to move on from a non-recognized career. He battles with himself on whether or not he can overcome such a great obstacles, especially when he sees his own characteristics in the men around him, which he hates. Neruda represents the agony of the world's existence, the upgrades that will lead to its doom. The speaker has decided that the situation handed to him is not acceptable. He is also a realist, knowing that his dreams will not come true without taking what he's given now, and progressing through the trash to become great. The speaker also knows that you have to have a dream to have a dream come true.

"Walking Around"

-Pablo Neruda

It happens that I am tired of being a man.

It happens that I go into the tailors' shops and the movies

all shriveled up, impenetrable, like a felt swan

navigating on a water of origin and ash.

The smell of barber shops makes me sob out loud.

I want nothing but the repose either of stones or wool,

I want to see no more establishments, no more gardens,

nor merchandise, nor glasses, nor elevators.

It happens that I am tired of my feet and my nails

and my hair and my shadow.

It happens that I am tired of being a man

Just the same it would be delicious

to scare a notary with a cut lily

or knock a nun stone dead with one blow of an ear.

It would be beautiful

to go through the streets with a green knife

shouting until I died of cold.

I do not want to go on being a root in the dark,

hesitating, stretched out, shivering with dreams,

downwards, in the wet tripe of the earth,

soaking it up and thinking, eating every day.

I do not want to be the inheritor of so many misfortunes.

I do not want to continue as a root and as a tomb,

as a solitary tunnel, as a cellar full of corpses,

stiff with cold, dying with pain.

For this reason Monday burns like oil

at the sight of my jail-face,

and it howls in passing like a wounded wheel,

and its footsteps towards nightfall are filled with hot blood.

And it shoves me along to certain corners, to certain damp houses,

to hospitals where the bones come out of the windows,

to certain cobblers' shops smelling if vinegar,

to streets horrendous as crevices.

There are birds the color of sulphur, and horrible intestines

hanging from the doors of the houses which I hate,

there are forgotten sets of teeth in a coffee-pot,

there are mirrors

which should have wept with shame and horror,

there are umbrellas all over the place, and poisons, and navels.

I stride along with calm, with eyes, with shoes,

with fury, with forgetfulness,

I pass, I cross offices and stores full of orthopedic appliances,

and courtyards hung with clothes on wires,

underpants, towels and shirts which weep

slow dirty tears.

Translated from the Spanish by W.S. Merivin

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Planetary Comparison

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One of the most important areas of astronomy is the field of Comparative Planetology. By studying planets and other large bodies in the solar system, we learn about the history and possible future of our own.

There are nine planets in our solar system namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. These nine planets are classified into two groups Jovian and Terrestrial, except for Pluto which is an entirely different system. These planets were classified as Jovian and Terrestrial Because of the differences that these two types of planets have. Here is a chart of the differences between these two types of classification

Comparison of the Terrestrial and Jovian Planets

TerrestrialJovian

close to Sunfar from Sun

closely spaced orbitswidely spaced orbits

small masseslarge masses

small radiilarge radii

predominantly rockypredominantly gaseous

solid surfaceno solid surface

high densitylow density

slower rotationfaster rotation

weak magnetic fieldsstrong magnetic fields

no ringsmany rings

few moonsmany moons

Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun and by far the smallest. Pluto is smaller than seven of the solar systems moons (the Moon, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and Triton).

Pluto was discovered in 10 by a fortunate accident. Calculations which later turned out to be in error had predicted a planet beyond Neptune, based on the motions of Uranus and Neptune. Not knowing of the error, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway.

Little is known about Plutos atmosphere, but it probably consists primarily of nitrogen with some carbon monoxide and methane. It is extremely tenuous, the surface pressure being only a few microbars. Plutos atmosphere may exist as a gas only when Pluto is near its perihelion; for the majority of Plutos long year, the atmospheric gases are frozen into ice. Near perihelion, it is likely that some of the atmosphere escapes to space perhaps even interacting with Charon.

After the discovery of Pluto, it was quickly determined that Pluto was too small to account for the discrepancies in the orbits of the other planets and there are some who think Pluto would be better classified as a large asteroid or comet rather than as a planet. Some consider it to be the largest of the Kuiper Belt objects (also known as Trans-Neptunian Objects). There is considerable merit to the latter position, but historically Pluto has been classified as a planet and it is very likely to remain so.

We can actually determine the size of the planets through a series of formulas and by measuring the angular size of a particular planet. First, we need to convert an angular diameter into a physical one, measured in kilometers. If the angular size of an object is measured in radians, and if the object appears small in the sky, then its physical size is given by its distance multiplied by its angular size. This relation is known as the small-angle formula and is very useful in determining the size of a planet.

Terrestrial planets formed when space debris, mostly dust and rocks, constantly bombarding the young planets. This bombardment heated up the planets surface to the point where it began to melt, producing lava. Some of the original heat, though not enough to melt the planets interior, came from gravitational energy released as particles came together to form the terrestrial planets. It is known that all the terrestrial planets were made this way and therefore gave them the similarities in characteristics that they have.

The Jovian Planets are mainly composed of gases just like our sun. So with this, the formation of the Jovian Planets can be traced back to the solar nebula with fewer modifications than the terrestrial planets went through. Within the outer, cooler regions of the solar nebula, the icy planetesimals collided, building larger bodies of ice and rock. As these bodies grew to a mass a few times that of the Earth, then they drew in more hydrogen and helium from the surrounding interplanetary gas. Naturally, capture and retention of gas were easier far from the Sun, where the temperature was lower. Because of their great masses, they have kept very nearly the same relative proportion of hydrogen and helium to the heavier elements as the Sun and the interstellar medium have. This is the most likely mode of formation for Jupiter and Saturn and why they are hydrogen-rich bodies. Uranus and Neptune were simply never massive enough to accrete hydrogen and helium to the extent that Jupiter and Saturn did. Thus carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and iron dominate their compositions.

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King Lear: Opening Scene

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William Shakespeare - King Lear. Act I, Scene I.

The opening scene of William Shakespeare's King Lear lays strong thematic foundations for the acts to follow. Its conversations play a great part in introducing the characters that will shape the events of the play, and establishing the setting and some of the central themes. Scene I also reveals the beginnings of the two plotlines of the play; the major plot of King Lear and his division of his kingdom between his daughters, and the subplot of Gloucester and Edmund, his bastard son. Throughout these developments the opening scene manages to convey an underlying sense of impending disaster amidst the setting.

King Lear begins in a manner very similar to many other Shakespearean plays, especially his tragedies, such as Hamlet or MacBeth. The scene introduces Kent, Gloucester and his bastard son Edmund, deeply in conversation. Whilst these three are all quite important to the events of the play at large, they are arguably not the main characters in King Lear. The opening lines of the play portray Kent and Gloucester talking about King Lear and the recent events surrounding him and the division of his kingdom between his daughters, thus introducing the central plotline of the play and giving a background to recent events. Gloucester then introduces his bastard son Edmund, and talks unashamedly about him, saying that although he "came something saucily into the world before he was sent for, yet was his mother fair; there was good sport at his making, and the whoreson must be acknowledged". This comment by Gloucester, said right in front of his son, reveals a large amount of background information about the Edmund subplot, and about the characters and mindsets of both Gloucester and Edmund.

The opening scene introduces the main plotline involving King Lear's plan to divide his kingdom amongst his daughters. This is the first hint of the larger theme which runs throughout the play, that of the reversal of human order and a disruption to the natural chain of being. The Jacobean audience of the time were very sensitive to issues of succession and inheritance of the English throne, and the idea of an English king abdicating and dividing his lands and title amongst his heirs prematurely would have struck a chord with many of the audience of this era.

Cheap Custom Essays on King Lear: Opening Scene

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