The Number (pie)

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The number ànis used in math all the time, for finding the circumferences and areas of circles, amongst other things, but how much do students really understand about àn? They know that it stands for the number .14 and that if you¡¦re going to pass any of the higher math levels you have to be familiar with the equations its used in, but how did such a number come to be, and how are its uses applied?

In order to find nànmathematicians use algorithms. A common and simple algorithm to use isnà/ = /1 / 4/ 4/5 6/5 6/7¡Kand so on. This particular method for finding ànwas discovered by John Wallis.

The number Pi has been around since ancient Babylonian time and has been in use, in some form, as early as the creation of the wheel. Reference is even made to the concept of àn in the Bible. Around four thousand years ago the Babylonians and the Egyptians discovered that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was about . Since circles were all around them, big and small, they made the important conclusion that ratio was a very valuable tool. It would not be until 1706 that mathematicians would begin associating this ration with the Greek letter Pi. During the fifth century B.C. Hippias of Elis discovered the quadratrix, a curve that could be used to determine à through a geometric construction. In the third century Archimedes of Syracuse found a method where àncould be found to any degree of accuracy required. He

took a circle and inscribed a regular hexagon within the circle and circumscribed one about the circle. He then, by using successive bisections, inscribed and circumscribed regular polygons within and about the circle with sides of 1, 4, 48, and finally 6 sides.

Advancements in using à are being made all the time. Now there are computers that can take ànto billions of places.

People have been fascinated by this irrational number throughout history. In September of 1, Dr. Kanada of the University of Tokyo calculated 06, 158, 40, 000 decimal digits of Pi. Then, in 00, Dr. Kanada and his team broke their own record by calculating 1.411 trillion digits. Even more devoted to ànis Hiroyoki Gotu, who memorized an amazing 4,000 of its digits.

The most accurate fraction to represent the number ànnis 10448 / 15, which is accurate to 0.00000001056%, but the accepted and more commonly used fraction is /7, which is accurate to 0.0405%.

ànis so astounding because in any exact circle the circumference/diameter equals à|nnnPincan be used in all sorts of equations and applications. Some of the more common equations are the area of a circle ànxnr, the circumference of a circle nànx r x, the volume of a sphere 4/ x nànxnr, and the surface area of a sphere 4nxnànnxnr. This and other concepts of à are easily applied to every day life. For instance, when working on fighter jets you frequently need to calculate areas of arc lengths for fitting equipment in. Also in this line of work, ànnis necessary for machining parts for the aircraft. Sine waves, used in signal processing, radio, TV, telephones and more, have a fundamental period of nà|nnOne example of the many uses of ànnis the navigation field. When planes fly great distances they are actually flying on the arc of a circle. The path must be calculated in order to make sure there is enough fuel. On this note, ànnis also used to locate someone on a globe. Pi occurs in hundreds of equations in many sciences including those describing the DNA double helix, a rainbow, ripples spreading from where a raindrop fell into water, superstrings, general relativity, normal distribution, and distribution of primes. Pi is a fundamental constant in the world of math and science.

On a lighter note, the number à has become such an important part of our math world that it has its own day. On March 14 (/14) students around the country come together and celebrate Pi Day. Younger students participate in activities such as making a ¡§Pi¡¨ necklace where each bead represents a number and a slightly bigger bead is used to represent the first number . This is to introduce the idea that ànis never ending. You can do a lot more stuff with Pi when it is in binary format - like drawing weird pictures of it, or even listening to it. As Pi has an infinite number of places, it is quite possible that any message you liked could be heard somewhere in Pi. Others write reports on the history of Pi, and perhaps a lucky few get to eat a pie of their very own.

The questions about Pi are never ending, and like the number itself, we may never know all the answers. There is so much to know about ànand each new fact leads to one more of those unanswerable questions. àntruly has a world of its own and excluding those devoted individuals set on diving into it, I think most would rather just eat regular pie.

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Freud and Rogers' techniques compared

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"Although based on very different assumptions, both Freud and Rogers believed that many people have a "hidden" personality of which they are not aware. Briefly compare the nature of these "hidden" personalities, and discuss three assumptions from each theory that account for them. "

Although both Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers believed in the notion that all humans possess a "hidden" personality, they differ greatly in their unique theories concerning the nature of this "hidden personality", as well as in their assumptions that underpin these theories. Freud experimented with the psychoanalytic approach, inquiring into the psychic energies that operate in the unconscious mind. He proposed that it is these energies that make up a person's "hidden" personality. Freud focused on the workings of the Id, Ego and Superego, and their task in psychic energy reduction (reduction of psychic tension). His theory of the "hidden" personality was based on the assumptions that; man's life is predetermined by his biological instincts, that the "hidden" personality exists within man's unconscious mind, and that man's purpose is to control tension build-up. Conversely, notions of the organism and "the self" underpinned Roger's belief in the existence of the "hidden" personality. He viewed an organism's "self-actualizing tendency" to be the determining factor for healthy psychological development, yet clarified that certain environmental conditions such as conditions of regard and worth, had a potentially damaging effect on the self-actualizing process. The resulting incongruence between what Rogers labeled the "real self" and the "externally conditioned self" was believed to lead a person to a state of anxiety. This theory is supported by three main assumptions; the notion that man holds the freewill to choose his own destiny, that the "hidden" personality exists within man's conscious mind, and that man's goal is to fulfill his self- actualizing tendency.

According to Freud's theory of the "hidden" personality, human behaviour is greatly influenced by unconscious motivation. With regard to this concept, his theory suggests that humans possess an inherent desire to satisfy the pleasure seeking instincts that they are biologically born with. Instincts therefore, are the driving force behind much of human behaviour. Freud believed that these instincts are contained within three systems of psychological functions, known as the "Id", "Ego" and "Superego". The Id has been defined by Braun & Darwyn (p408) as, "A pool of instinctual biological drives present in every individual birth". By supplying psychic energy, these instinctual biological drives are the motivating force to the satisfaction of man's physical needs. Freud made a distinction between two types of instincts within the Id.

He referred to the first type as "Eros", (the Greek word for "love"). This is the life instinct that is responsible for survival, self-propagation and creativity, (Braun & Darwyn, p408). The need for sex is one such characteristic of the Eros instinct. Freud believed that the energy of the Eros is produced by the "libido", "a driving force permeating the entire personality and propelling it through life." (Braun & Darwyn, p408). Opposing the "Eros" instinct is a second type of instinct known as "Thanatos", (the Greek word for "death"). Freud maintained that the Thanatos is the instinctive attraction toward death, which gives rise to each individual's aggressive tendency. This aggressive tendency becomes man's motivation to fight and kill, directed outward against the world. As stated by Freud (10 p85), " A powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as a part of [man's] instinctual endowment". The Id seeks the immediate reduction of tension through the satisfaction of the amoral, irrational demands of the Eros and Thanatos, hence devoting itself to the "pleasure principle".

The second system, the Ego, is responsible for determining which means of tension reduction are safe and which are dangerous to the organism, given the requirements of the real world. As confirmed by Freud (10), "The Ego serves as the mediator between the id and reality". The Ego is therefore said to act under the "reality principle". Like the Ego, the third system of psychological function, known as the Superego, receives its energy from the Id. The role of the Superego is to ensure that the needs of the Ego will be gratified in socially acceptable ways- It's tasks are commonly associated with "conscience" and "ego ideal", (Braun & Darwyn, p40). The "conscience" aspect can be described as, "An internalization of punishments and warnings" (www.ship.edu/`cgboeree/freud.html), whilst the ego ideal derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. According to Clay (16), "The conscience and ego ideal communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt". When the demands of reality, the Id, and the Superego are too great, an overwhelming sense of anxiety will arise.

Defense mechanism is the means by which the Ego attempts to defend itself against internal threats arising from the instinctual drives of the Id, or the demands of the Superego. (Badcock, p). It does so by unconsciously obstructing the urges or distorting them into a more acceptable, less threatening form. Many different types of defense mechanisms can be used, such as for example 'Reaction Formation', "A defense mechanism that replaces an anxiety producing impulse or feeling by its opposite; its function is to make one unaware of the original source of distress." (Braun & Darwyn, p411). As confirmed by Crutchfield, Krech & Livson (p50), "Our conscious reasons are cover-ups, plausible but false rationalizations that we believe to be true". Freud referred to the term 'psychoanalysis' to explain the procedure by which he endeavored to bring matter from the unconscious into the conscious mind of the patient. (Braun & Darwyn, 175). This process helps to discover the reasons for use of certain defense mechanisms, and gives insight into the individual's "hidden" personality. Freud's approach to the study of the "hidden" personality has not however, been without criticism. His psychoanalytic therapy has been criticized for taking too long, costing too much money, and being suited to a relatively select few individuals with a restricted group of mental diseases. "Questions have also been raised about the lack of scientific support for many of the psychoanalytic assumptions", ( Krech, Livson & Crutchfield, p4).

The workings of the id, ego and superego, and the need for defense mechanisms, reflect Freud's previously stated assumptions underpinning his theory of the "hidden" personality. That is, their existence shows that, man's life is predetermined by his biological instincts, that the main causes of behaviour lie deeply buried in the unconscious mind, and accounts for man's need to reduce and control tension build up.

Rogers' theory of the "hidden" personality is markedly different to that of Freud's.

Challenging Freud's belief that human behaviour is biologically determined by man's unconscious motivations (that reside within the Id, Ego and Superego), Rogers asserted that human behaviour is "exquisitely rational". (Rogers, 15p14). By this he implied that humans are social beings who are given the free will to choose their own destiny. As clarified by Rogers (15),"[Humans are] capable of making constructive choices as to the next steps in life, and acting on those choices." In light of his belief that humans are social beings, Rogers maintained that, "the core of man's nature is essentially positive", and that man is a "trustworthy organism", (http//www.psy.pdx.edu/psicafe/keytheorists/Rogers.htm).

Whilst Freud focused his attention on the unconscious factors that he believed were highly influential on a person's personality, Rogers highlighted the individuals self perception, in terms of the immediate conscious feelings and thoughts that individuals have about themselves. ie. He emphasized that the influence which perceptions have on the self-concept are easily brought to awareness rather than being deeply repressed. Ryckman (1) defines the self-concept as, "The organized set of characteristics that the individual perceives as peculiar to himself/herself". Also central to Rogers' theory of the "hidden" personality " is the notion which he refers to as the "actualizing tendency". This can be defined as, "The built-in motivation present in every life-form to develop its potentials to the fullest extent possible", (http//www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/Rogers.html). Rogers believed that through the self-actualization process, "the push to experience oneself in a away that is consistent with one's conscious view of what one is" (Maddi, 16), normal psychological development of a human could occur. This means that human's were thought to function in a positive direction through the self-actualizing process. One's self-actualizing tendency is not however independent of external forces, but influenced by the way in which the individual has been nurtured. For example, society's "conditions of worth" may cloud man's ability to discover his greatest potential, through the use of "conditional positive regard". This refers to the way in which society may show the individual love, affection, or attention, only on a conditional basis. It is believed that this conditioning will lead the individual to develop "conditional positive self-regard" over time. If this should happen, the individual will be inclined to like himself only if he meets up with the standards others have applied to him, rather than if he is truly actualizing his potential. Most often, the individual cannot reach these standards, causing him to develop a low self-esteem.

The need for positive self-regard often leads a person to developing a selective perception of experience in agreement with the conditions of worth, where experiences that are not in accordance with these conditions are distorted or denied into awareness. The resulting gap that forms between the "real self" and the "ideal self", the "I am" and the "I should be" is known as "incongruity". The more the incongruity, the more the suffering, (http//www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/Rogers.html/). Rogers finds the human infant to be a model of congruence, as he/she is completely genuine and integrated, and lacking harmful exposure to conditions of worth at their young age. Self-acceptance is therefore the key to self-actualization, where one can grow toward his fullest potential. According to Rogers, this ideal condition is embodied in the "fully functioning person", who is "open to experience, able to live existentially, is trusting in his/her own organism, expresses feelings freely, acts independently, is creative and lives a richer life 'The good life". (Rogers, p106). Although Rogers has been praised for his thoughts on the self-actualizing tendency of man, he has been criticized for never specifying what some of the inherent capacities that maintain and enhance life might be.

Whilst both Freud and Rogers theorized about the notion of the "hidden" personality, their assumptions with regard to this notion, were almost perfectly opposing. In contrast to Freud's psychoanalytic emphasis on biological determinism, unconsciousness and tension reduction, Rogers' phenomenological, person-centered approach emphasizes freewill, consciousness and man's task in the process of self-actualization. Whilst Freud thought of the person as an energy system, Rogers thought of people as forward moving, thus explaining the reason for emphasizing self-actualization, and not the tension reducing aspects of Freud. Whilst Freud viewed the essential components of personality as relatively fixed and stable, Rogers' view of personality emphasized change.

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Human Resources. com

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HR.com

HR.com, is a website that offers decision making information in the Human Resource Management field. It provides input on how to successfully manage the personnel side of a business. In order to access the detailed information one has to register for a free membership into the website. The site in loaded with daily news and weekly columns of different HR aspects. There are also eight HR communities that appear in colored tabs near the top of the page. These communities are Compensation and Benefits, HR Information Systems, HR Management, Labor Relations, Legal, Organizational Development, Staffing, and Training and Development. In each community there are different articles featured for taking action. There are some reverences to International HR within some articles, but there is not a specific section that deals with the topic exclusively. There is also information on purchasing a book, contracting a consultant, connecting with a peer for a HR question and a training center with products and programs that can be purchased online. I think this is a great site for a human resources manager to refer to; it's extremely detailed and is a constructive tool. It offers up to date information and various levels of input to assist in the decision making process. It helps a manager to keep learning and stay on top of issues affecting their job. Furthermore, I particularly like the existence of the 8 communities. The fact that they break up into different HR sections is a plus for the effectiveness of the website. The only weakness I found in this website was the membership section. In order to access any information as a first time user you have to apply for free membership. It's great that it's free, but the actual process of registration took a bit of time. Other than that it was a very useful site.

1. Given the unusual nature of MTV's business, what planning tools and techniques might be most useful? Explain your choices.

The planning tools and techniques that would be most useful to MTV would be, global environmental scanning, PERT networking, and quantitative forecasting.

Since MTV has such a profound global impact that attracts the youth of the world, the effective use of environmental scanning on a global level is essential to their continued survival. Some of the things that they should watch for would include current trends of today's generation of teenagers and the trends of tomorrow's, as they will both change. Competition that will adapt to these changes first will be in the best position to retain those customers. In addition, MTV should have a tailored local environmental scanning practice to ensure that local politics, economics and other power shifts are monitored, and report trends to the main office. As a recognized global name, MTV has a greater responsibility to ensure that its environmental scanning practices are ethical and legal. They should hire competent and effective managers who can lead in not only their particular country, but also in a world of continuous change.

The second planning tool that MTV can use effectively should begin it's annual planning by establishing a PERT Network. This network would provide the foundation for the entire year's goal. The annual MTV music video awards show would be the grand finale. An established team, that would have overall vision for the MTV program, should keep things on track, but for individual projects like concerts, parties and videos, they should carefully allocate a project manager for these individual and distinct projects. These project managers could use GANT or load charts that would outline their projects in great detail. They would tie their project in with the PERT network to provide a seamless timeline. The use of this type of planning would demand in depth planning, and forecasting of resources and budgets.

They use extensive quantitative forecasting by MTV would be a final technique that I would advise MTV to use. They would be able to predict the future behaviors of the next generation, economic trends and competition plans. Most importantly MTV would effectively study the habits and needs of young people so that they can meet those needs in the future. A valid benchmark for MTV would have to come from itself as BET is it's only threatening competition. No other music video program has the global depth and networking capability as MTV. For this reason, they need to consider the effects of cannibalization from their other owned businesses like VH1, and CMT. Although MTV strives to meet a larger market, their other companies target niche markets similar to BET.

If MTV develops these techniques and use them effectively to predict future trends and continue to meet the needs of their target audience, they will continue to be an effective entertainment business.

Please note that this sample paper on Human Resources. com is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Human Resources. com, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Human Resources. com will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Steps in Purcahsing A Home

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The road to your new front door may be short and smooth or very long and rough. In a buying a home, preparation is everything. Make sure you are physically, mentally and financially prepared. With this you need to have the time, energy and patience that's required to look at different homes. Review you credit history and financial status and be sure those things are in good status. Before making any other decisions, you would need to start thinking about the neighborhood or subdivision you would like to live in. Some of the things you would need to consider would be the school system you would like for your child or children.What type of home design you are interested in and what price range you can afford. In the book " The unofficial guide to buying a home" there is a form on page 56 that should be filled out when making a neighborhood or subdivision a choice. Some of the questions that are listed on the form are-what is the mileage and the amount of minutes it takes to get from your future home to the particular location. For example, how far are you away from you and your spouse job, your church, the children's school, the supermarket, and the closest hospital. All of these things are important when making a house your home.

In the first steps, you would need to decide if you want to search and close on a home on your own, or if you would like to go through a real estate agent. When making this decision, here are some questions you need to consider-are you prepared to deal all by yourself with mortgage loan officers, home inspectors, appraisers, surveyors, closing attorneys and others? Are you familiar with the conditions of a contract negotiation in the community where you intend to live? If you are aware the best loan offers? If you are familiar with the closing process in the state where you'll be buying your home? If you are not sure of the above questions, you will need to find a real estate agent to help you. When you are deciding on a real estate agent be sure to ask them for whom they work for, for how long and who is paying the commission (buyer, seller or both)? Once you have found a real estate agent, it is highly recommended and in some state mandatory that you sign a "Buyer Exclusive Agency Agreement". This contract establishes a relationship between you and your agent for a specific period of time. Once all of this is accomplished, you and your agent are ready to go looking at homes. To build a close relationship with your agent, always try to be on time for your appointments. Let your agent know when you are not interested in a certain home and when you are tired and ready to call it a day.When you have chosen a house, make sure you find out how many other people have looked at the home and for what reasons did they decide not to buy.Why are the sellers selling? Make sure you have a fact sheet that tells you the age of the home, the roof and other type of appliances and basic systems. What have they recently improved? How much are the utility bills? Which appliances stay?These are some of the basic questions that you need to ask.Once your mind I made up about the home don't overdo your visits. Wait until you move in to show family and friends, otherwise, you are inviting opinions that may be better left unexpressed.

Now it is time to negotiate your contract.Your real estate agent will help you negotiate a price with the seller. But before all that is done you will need to hire a home inspector. A home inspector is someone you hire to make sure that the home you plan to buy is sound and to advise you not to buy if your future safety and well being could be compromise. If you are satisfied with the inspection, you can proceed towards the closing, if not, you and the seller can agree to repairs the seller will make or either pay for. Once you have a contract on a home and make your application for a mortgage loan, your loan officer will ask you to pay for a credit report and an appraisal. The appraisal usually costs around $50.00, and it is to determine fair market value of the home you have under contract. You will also need a survey done, to show boundary lines and set back lines of the lot. Next, you will need title insurance, which is mandatory. This protects you against any liens or encumbrances that may have been placed on the property you are buying due to actions of any previous owners. It also recites the legal description of the property you're buying. Bit, most importantly it insures you against any legal action taken by a neighbor because of such easements or encroachments. Your title insurance policy generates your deed, which specifies the type of ownership you have chosen. Now that everything is getting settled, you should be ready to write an "offer". The form you'll use to write an offer is called a "contract". An "offer" is a formal, written proposal from you to the seller expressing what you're willing to pay for the home and the terms under which you'll buy it. Getting financed on a home is the first contingency in your contract.Sit down with your lender and discuss the type of financing that best suits your needs. When you visit your loan officer to purchase your contract he or she will customize a loan that matches you financial profile and the length of time you plan to live in your prospective home.

Once you have accomplished the negotiation, inspection, appraisal, and the tile insurance, you are now ready to begin the "closing".Make sure the settlement you will sign at closing accords with the terms of your contract. For example, make sure the purchase price is correct, that your earnest money has been added to your down payment, your closing cost line up with what your loan officer told you, the fees split between you and the seller have been divided correctly, and that the property taxes have been prorated accurately. Review your loan package at least two days before closing.

Cheap Custom Essays on The Steps in Purcahsing A Home

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The road to your new front door may be short and smooth or very long and rough. In a buying a home, preparation is everything. Make sure you are physically, mentally and financially prepared. With this you need to have the time, energy and patience that's required to look at different homes. Review you credit history and financial status and be sure those things are in good status. Before making any other decisions, you would need to start thinking about the neighborhood or subdivision you would like to live in. Some of the things you would need to consider would be the school system you would like for your child or children.What type of home design you are interested in and what price range you can afford. In the book " The unofficial guide to buying a home" there is a form on page 56 that should be filled out when making a neighborhood or subdivision a choice. Some of the questions that are listed on the form are-what is the mileage and the amount of minutes it takes to get from your future home to the particular location. For example, how far are you away from you and your spouse job, your church, the children's school, the supermarket, and the closest hospital. All of these things are important when making a house your home.

In the first steps, you would need to decide if you want to search and close on a home on your own, or if you would like to go through a real estate agent. When making this decision, here are some questions you need to consider-are you prepared to deal all by yourself with mortgage loan officers, home inspectors, appraisers, surveyors, closing attorneys and others? Are you familiar with the conditions of a contract negotiation in the community where you intend to live? If you are aware the best loan offers? If you are familiar with the closing process in the state where you'll be buying your home? If you are not sure of the above questions, you will need to find a real estate agent to help you. When you are deciding on a real estate agent be sure to ask them for whom they work for, for how long and who is paying the commission (buyer, seller or both)? Once you have found a real estate agent, it is highly recommended and in some state mandatory that you sign a "Buyer Exclusive Agency Agreement". This contract establishes a relationship between you and your agent for a specific period of time. Once all of this is accomplished, you and your agent are ready to go looking at homes. To build a close relationship with your agent, always try to be on time for your appointments. Let your agent know when you are not interested in a certain home and when you are tired and ready to call it a day.When you have chosen a house, make sure you find out how many other people have looked at the home and for what reasons did they decide not to buy.Why are the sellers selling? Make sure you have a fact sheet that tells you the age of the home, the roof and other type of appliances and basic systems. What have they recently improved? How much are the utility bills? Which appliances stay?These are some of the basic questions that you need to ask.Once your mind I made up about the home don't overdo your visits. Wait until you move in to show family and friends, otherwise, you are inviting opinions that may be better left unexpressed.

Now it is time to negotiate your contract.Your real estate agent will help you negotiate a price with the seller. But before all that is done you will need to hire a home inspector. A home inspector is someone you hire to make sure that the home you plan to buy is sound and to advise you not to buy if your future safety and well being could be compromise. If you are satisfied with the inspection, you can proceed towards the closing, if not, you and the seller can agree to repairs the seller will make or either pay for. Once you have a contract on a home and make your application for a mortgage loan, your loan officer will ask you to pay for a credit report and an appraisal. The appraisal usually costs around $50.00, and it is to determine fair market value of the home you have under contract. You will also need a survey done, to show boundary lines and set back lines of the lot. Next, you will need title insurance, which is mandatory. This protects you against any liens or encumbrances that may have been placed on the property you are buying due to actions of any previous owners. It also recites the legal description of the property you're buying. Bit, most importantly it insures you against any legal action taken by a neighbor because of such easements or encroachments. Your title insurance policy generates your deed, which specifies the type of ownership you have chosen. Now that everything is getting settled, you should be ready to write an "offer". The form you'll use to write an offer is called a "contract". An "offer" is a formal, written proposal from you to the seller expressing what you're willing to pay for the home and the terms under which you'll buy it. Getting financed on a home is the first contingency in your contract.Sit down with your lender and discuss the type of financing that best suits your needs. When you visit your loan officer to purchase your contract he or she will customize a loan that matches you financial profile and the length of time you plan to live in your prospective home.

Once you have accomplished the negotiation, inspection, appraisal, and the tile insurance, you are now ready to begin the "closing".Make sure the settlement you will sign at closing accords with the terms of your contract. For example, make sure the purchase price is correct, that your earnest money has been added to your down payment, your closing cost line up with what your loan officer told you, the fees split between you and the seller have been divided correctly, and that the property taxes have been prorated accurately. Review your loan package at least two days before closing.

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Please note that this sample paper on The Steps in Purcahsing A Home is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Steps in Purcahsing A Home, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research paperson The Steps in Purcahsing A Home will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Technology and Workplace Stress

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The debates over whether technology has increased or alleviated workplace stress are endless. One argument maintains that technology has created a more stressful work environment; electronic handcuffs that employees can never escape. Conversely many argue technology reduces workplace stress, allowing more efficient communication, enhanced learning, and the ability to work from anywhere. Regardless, management must be conscience of the ethical concerns involving the relationship between technology and workplace stress.

Due to high availability of information as result of technology average businesspersons "shift concepts at least seven to eight times per hour" this accumulates to a total of 60-70 times per day, each shift compiling workplace stress (Cryer, 16). A barrage of phone calls, voicemails, emails, instant messages, meetings, videoconferences, webinars, and physical requests that all must be responded to immediately, leave little or no time to focus and possibly actually enjoy work. Employees with mid-level jobs and especially managers most likely have a hard time feeling a sense of accomplishment at the end of the day, week, and year. Computers specifically have supposedly enabled us to multitask, or work on several things at once. "Many people simply cannot work enough hours to respond to all the information" (Cryer, 16). It is the responsibility of management to set priorities for employees and provide them with avenues to deflect some requests, such as an automated email response.

Two components of technology that can also lead to workplace stress are the loss of privacy and surveillance by IT and management. Cell phones, pagers, PDAs, Blackberrys, and VPN access ensure that employees are always accessible, even on vacation. These electronic handcuffs cause work factors and responsibilities to interfere with personal lives. Additionally, in many organizations emails and files are audited and recorded by IT, possibly contributing to less creativity. Research from the Journal of Sociology argues monitoring by IT does not have significant negative impacts on workplace stress (Yeuk-Mui, 001).

A study in the journal Management Services (000) found that 5% of workers in interviewed strongly disagreed that technology was the cause of workplace stress. Additionally, the study also found that one-third of all employees reasoned technology had improved their quality of life. How can an inability to focus due to multiple means of communication and possible loss in creativity due to surveillance actually improve quality of life and eliminate stress? While sometimes being a hindrance, technology allows employees to communicate with mass groups of people effectively. Furthermore it allows for increased mobility; work can be done from home, on a train, on a plane, etc. While one might argue this amounts to just more work, this may also equal less or more efficient work. If work can be done during idle time while traveling, perhaps this will free up time later for a day off to spend with the family. A videoconference can eliminate the travel time required for a crucial meeting, thus freeing up time. It is essential for employees and especially managers to maintain the proper use of technology to work smarter, not harder.

Management has an ethical responsibility to be aware of and attempt to limit workplace stress whether caused by technology or not. Stress prevention programs can be sub-divided into primary methods or reduction of work environment stressors, secondary methods or stress management via training, and tertiary methods or Employee Assistance Programs (Dewe, 14). Unfortunately these programs have problems being initially approved by management and more detrimental is that most are not follow through or a one-time deal, not the necessary ongoing process. The development of workplace stress reduction programs is often "hampered by issues of power, control and ethics" (pg. ).

In conclusion, technology has both positive and negative impacts pertaining to workplace stress. If workplace stress is apparent, managers have an ethical responsibility to implement some type of stress reduction program.

Cryer, Bruce A. (16). Neutralizing workplace stress the physiology of human performance and Organizational Effectiveness. Presented at Psychological Disabilities in the Workplace. Toronto, Canada. 1-15.

Dewe, Philip (14). EAPs and stress management. Personnel Review. Vol. . Issue 7, p1, 1p.

Management Services (000). New technology not to blame as stress figures soar. Enfield. 1-

Yeuk-Mui, May Tam (001). Information technology in frontline service work organization. Journal of Sociology. V7 i p177. 1-0.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Leonardo was born in 145 and died 151. Leonardo da Vinci is a well known artist who captured the elusive smile of the Mona Lisa and envisioned the Last Supper which many people now associate him with. However, Leonardo da Vinci was perhaps even more accomplished as an "artist-engineer" of the Italian scientific Renaissance which set him apart from the other artists of the time as well as a mathematician, philosopher, naturalist, astronomer, architect, and musician. While quite a lot is known about his works of art, not as much is known about his hundreds of scientific and engineering designs which were well ahead of his time and placed him considerably high in the development of the Italian Renaissance in the arts and sciences. He contributed in a lot of different art styles. He was Born in Vinci, Tuscany, he was the son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl. His precocious artistic talent brought him to Verrocchios workshop in 1466, where he met Botticelli and Ghirlandaio. The culmination of his art in this first period in Florence is seen in the magnificent, unfinished Adoration of the Magi, with its characteristic dramatic movement. In 1484 and 1485 drew his attention to town planning, and his drawings and plans for domed churches reflect his concern with architectural problems.

Leonardos Last Supper is a wonderful piece with much hidden meaning and obvious talents bestowed upon a wall. Leonardos was able to use his skills in creating a very detailed and a very naturalistic piece of work that would be remembered hundreds of years. His portraits were not the only the characters magnificent, but the symbolism he used which emphasized the story being in the last supper. Thats why Lodovico Sforza (another great artist) chose Leonardo to create the Last Supper in the refectory of the Dominican Church. He worked on this painting from 145 through 148. Before Leonardo started painting the picture, he put down a substance which was suppose to absorb the temporal and protect the temporal from the moisture on the wall. Unfortunately, the substance was proved unsuccessful, and by 1517 it began to deteriorate. The painting has continued to decay the following centuries. It was further damaged by restorations made by careless artists. The painting the last supper is a part out of the bible, the last supper that god had when he was alive on earth. Leonardo made it so the viewers are able to recognize this scene by the gestures both the Lord and the Apostles.

Please note that this sample paper on Leonardo da Vinci is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardo da Vinci, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Leonardo da Vinci will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Why do airlines collect statistics?

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Report of "Why do airlines collect statistics? Definition and illustration of how to use five different statistics to compare airlines.?

Twinsen, KC Wong

Student number 057075

(A) Why do airlines collect statistics? Define and show how to use five different statistics to compare airlines using some real examples.

This report will illustrate the reasons of airlines collection of statistics, definition of statistics, and comparison of airlines.

Statistics in aviation are significant for the aviation industry. Statistics in aviation are widely studied and applied by organizations, companies and other individuals; for example, aircraft manufactures, airlines, aviation organizations, governments and students. Using statistics can increase productivity, profitability, efficiency of marketing, revenue and other financial benefits. Many organizations and companies offer aviation statistics. There are the organizations, which provide statistics in aviation

?ICAO

?IATA

Also, government bodies offer statistics in aviation

?Department of Transport

?ABS

?BTEC

Moreover, statistics in aviation can also be found

?Aircraft manufacturers (for example, the Boeing company)

?Airline annual reports

?Other airlines analysis

Statistics in aviation are usually collected by the governments, airlines and other users with uniform and comprehensive financial and market statistical economic data on individual air carrier (airline) operations and the air transportation industry. Statistics in aviation can be easily found in the Internet. Visiting the websites of the above organizations and companies is available for collecting statistics in aviation.

The statistics in aviation are dreadfully useful for airlines. The statistics in aviation are useful for

?Measurement of performance in operational, financial, and combinations of both.

?Measurement of demand and supply

?Competition comparison and market sharing

Statistics is studied for the measurement of performance in operational, financial, and combinations of both. They are useful for airlines to maintain and improve the performance in operational and financial. Increase of revenues and efficiency would take place. Also, the study of aviation statistics is useful for measurement of demand and supply. For example, statistics take an important role for forecasting demand of a route. Airlines can increase the revenue and efficiency by forecasting the demand of a route. Furthermore, competition comparison and market sharing can be studied by statistics. Airlines can make decisions by considering or study of statistics. For instant, study of statistics is significant for the decision of adding a route. Since airlines should consider the competition and market sharing among other airlines, they should consider those factors before making a decision. Therefore, statistics are significant for aviation industry.

Statistics are utilized to compare airlines. Using five different statistics is able to compare airlines. They are

1.Aircraft operating characteristics

.The efficiency of marketing

.Productivity

4.Profitability

5.Revenue

Aircraft operating characteristics

Statistics of aircraft operating characteristics are studied to compare airlines. Airlines own a certain number of aircrafts to operate their services. Airlines usually own a number of different types of aircrafts. Aircrafts differ in their operating characteristics

?Size

?Operating range

?Speed

?Aircraft utilization

Size

In size, generally, the larger the aircraft the more expensive it is to operate. However, conversely in unit cost terms they are very cheap. Unit costs are the costs of producing a unit of production, for example, cost per ASK or cost per ATK. Simply, unit costs are calculated by dividing expenditure by ASK or ATK. Since large aircrafts have a large number of available seats and a large amount of power for freight loads, ASK and ATK would be large, results unit costs would be low. The definition of expenditure will be given later on.

Operating Range

Different types of aircrafts operate different ranges. Every aircraft has its limit of operating ranges. Airlines schedule their flights with considering their operating ranges. Long range operating aircraft flies a long range. The higher cost per ATK the shorter aircraft distance is.

The longer the distance the less fuel is being used per km.

Speed

Aircraft speed affects unit costs. Unit costs is affected by the effect on an aircraft's hourly productivity. Since hourly productivity is the product of the payload and the speed, the greater an aircraft's cruising speed the greater will be its output hour. Some elements of cost might be higher for a faster aircraft. Fuel consumption might be slightly higher. However, assuming other things are equal, the cost per tonne-kilometer for the faster aircraft would be lower.

Aircraft utilization

Aircraft utilization is a measurement the number of hours per day that the aircraft operates for its airline. It is important to collect this data since airline can find out the number of hours that they use their aircraft, which allows them to determine how often they fly to a particular destination. The higher this factor gets, the more efficient the aircraft is. Therefore, a higher output is created. As a result, a higher profit can be made. This also allows the airlines to keep as a record to determine when they should do their regular technical inspection, it helps better maintenance of the aircraft.

The graph above illustrates the statistics of aircraft utilization of Cathay Pacific Airways over the past 10 years. Obviously, it had been rising from , and stopped in 00. In 001, it was decreased.

Efficiency of marketing

Efficiency of marketing is considered for comparison of airlines. Marketing is involved in deciding what should be produced as swell as how it should be sold. The role of airline marketing is to bring together the supply of air services, which each airline can largely control, with the demand, which it can influence but not control, and to do this in a way which is both profitable and accomplishes the airline's commercial objectives. There are three items considered in efficiency of marketing

?Seat Factor

?Load Factor

?Yield

Seat factor

Seat factor is defined as passenger load factor, which is calculated by RPKs as a percentage of ASKs. Simply, seat factor is the percentage of passenger of seats. According to Singapore Airlines 001 Annual Report, the seat factor of SIA in 001was 74%. It was dropped down from 76.8% to 74% from 000 to 001.

Load factor

Load factor is defined as freight load factor, which is calculated by FTKs as a percentage of ATKs. In addition, FTKs is the number of revenue tonnes of freight multiplied by the distance flown, and ATK is the number of tonnes of capacity available for the carriage of revenue load (passengers and cargo) multiplied by the distance flown.

Yield

Yield is calculated by revenue dividing by RPK. The unit of yield is cent/RPK or cent/km.

Productivity

Productivity of an airline is measured by items

?Cost per ATK

?ATK per employee

?Aircraft utilisation

Cost per ATK

Cost per ATK is calculated by dividing operating cost by ATK. Operating cost is identified as Direct Operating Costs (DOC) and Indirect Operating Costs (IOC).

The above graph is the 10 years statistics of Cost per ATK Cathay Pacific Airways. Cost per ATK had been dropping down from , stopped in , rising since .

ATK per employee

ASK per employee is calculated by dividing ASK by the number of staff.

The graph above shows the ATK per staff cost in HKD ?00. Obviously, it has been increasing over these 10 years.

Aircraft utilisation

Aircraft utilisation has been given above.

Operating Cost

Structure of operating costs

Direct Operating Costs (DOC)

1.Flight operations

.Maintenance and overhaul

.Depreciation and amortization

Flight operations include

?Flight crew salaries and expenses

?Fuel and oil

?Airport and en route charges

?Aircraft insurance

?Rental/lease of flight equipment/crews

Maintenance and overhaul include

?Engineering staff costs

?Spare parts consumed

?Maintenance administration (could be IOC)

Depreciation and amortization include

?Flight equipment

?Ground equipment and property (could be IOC)

?Extra depreciation (in excess of historic costs)

?Amortization of development costs and crew training

Indirect Operating Costs (IOC)

1.Station and ground expenses

.Passenger services

.Ticketing, sales and promotion

4.General and administration

5.Other operating costs

Station and ground expenses include

Ground staff

Buildings, equipment, transport

Handling fees paid to others

Passenger services

Cabin crew salaries and expenses (could be DOC)

Other passenger service costs

Passenger insurance

Profitability

Profitability is defined as financial gain.

There are three significant factors which have an effect on profitability

?Seat factor

?Unit Revenue

?Unit Cost

There are several methods to improve profit

?Decrease unit costs

?Raise passenger yield

?Increase seat factor

Airlines can decrease unit costs by

oIncreasing aircraft seating capacity

oOperating bigger and/or more efficient aircraft

oReducing overhead costs

oIncreasing productivity of labour and equipment

Airlines can raise passenger yield by

oIncreasing fares

oImproving mix of fares

Airlines can increase seat factors by

oReducing capacity

oEliminating or reducing competition

oImproving schedules. i.e. increase efficiency

Unit Costs

Unit costs are the usual form of economic and comparative analysis. It is the costs of producing a unit of production. Unit cost is found by dividing expenditure by ASK or ATK. The unit is cents/ASK or cents/ ATK.

SIA Annual Report 001 shows that, unit cost in 001 was 7. cents/ASK.

Revenue

Revenue of airlines consist are income from

?Passenger traffic

?Passenger yield

?Freight load

?Freight yield

Passenger traffic

Passenger traffic is measured in number of passengers or RPK.

Passenger yield

Passenger yield is calculated by dividing passenger revenue (in cents) by RPKs. The unit is cents/km or cents/RPK. According to SIA Annual Report 001, the passenger yield of SIA dropped from .4 to .0 from 000 to 001 (in cents/km). SIA carried 14,765,000 passengers.

Freight load

Freight load is measured in amount of tonnes of cargo and mail carried. According to Cathay Pacific Airways Annual Report 001, the cargo and mail load factor in 001 was 67.%.

Freight yield

Freight yield is calculated by dividing freight revenue by ATKs.

Other sources can be part of revenue such as activities of finance, leasing, and charters.

The total revenues of SIA from 7 to 01 are

Year001-0000-011-0018-17-8

Total revenue ($ million),447.8,51.,018.87,85.87,81.8

Total revenue had been increasing rapidly from 7 to 8. However, from 00-01, it was dropped down from $,51.M to $,447.8M.

Conclusion

Statistics in aviation are collected by airlines. Aircraft manufactures, government bodies, aviation organizations and airline annual reports give statistics in aviation. Airlines collect statistics because airlines can study the measurement of performance in operational, financial and combinations of both. Also, they can measure the demand and supply by statistics. Moreover, airlines can measure competition comparison and market sharing.

Finally, to compare airline costs, statistics in aircraft operating characteristics, efficiency of marketing, productivity, profitability and revenue are considered.

Bibliography

Rigas Doganis, 11 "Flying Off Course, The Economics of International Airlines? Routledge

Singapore Airlines Annual Report 01/ 0

Cathay Pacific Airways Limited Annual Report 001

Please note that this sample paper on Why do airlines collect statistics? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Why do airlines collect statistics?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Why do airlines collect statistics? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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