Computer

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Computer Fundamentals

Computer is an electronic gadget capable of storing, processing and retrieving data at very high speed and accuracy. It has two integral parts, hardware and software.

Hardware consists of all the machine parts and physical components. These parts can be broadly grouped under three heads namely 1.system unit, .input devices and .output devices.

1.System Unit

This is the box like part of the computer. System units can be either desktop or tower type. If it is a desktop type then the monitor will be mounted on the system unit. On the other hand the system unit will be a separate stand-alone unit alongside the monitor, if it is tower type.

Front of a System Unit

The various components that are visible on the system unit at the front are CDROM Drive, Floppy Drive, Power On /Off Button, Reset Button, Turbo Button and indicator lights. Some computers have other components such as DVD drive, Zip drive, and Dat drive.

CD ROM Drive

Most computers now come with a CD (Compact Disk) ROM drive. A CD ROM drive reads data from a CD that looks much similar to a music CD, except that it holds data rather than music. CD's make it possible to add sound and video to games and programs. CD writers are now available with which it is possible to write information to a CD. Though it is not so common, in certain computers we find DVD Drives. This is for mass storage. DVD stands for Digital Video Disk..A Zip disk can hold about 100 megabytes of data. It is faster than an ordinary floppy drive but slower than a hard drive.

Floppy Disk Drive

This is now the common method of putting information on a disk, which is also an easy way to transport files and data between different computers. Floppies, which are available in the market, now have disk capacity of 1.44 megabytes of data.

Power On/Off switch is to switch on the power and switch off the power. Reset Button is used to restart a computer especially when it hangs and Ctrl+Alt+Del doesn't work. Turbo Button is useful to change the speed of the computer, particularly while playing games that run in low speed. Indicator lights indicate the status of the computer, floppy drive and hard disk.

Back of a System Unit

At the back of the system unit we can see a fan, Power In and Power Out sockets, serial ports, parallel ports and keyboard ports, all connected with many cables at their respective sockets.

Fan is used to keep the system unit cool, removing the heat generated while different process goes on. Power In and Power Out sockets are meant to plug in cables carrying power into the system and out from the system. Serial ports are used to connect modem, mouse etc. Parallel ports are generally used for connecting printer to system unit.

Inside a typical System Unit

Inside the system unit there are components such as mother board, CPU, power supply unit, ROM BIOS chips, RAM chip, speaker, real time clock, hard disk, expansion slots, adapter cards.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the circuit board, on which everything in the computer is plugged into. CPU, memory chips, various surface devices and other circuit boards are all placed on this board.

CPU

The CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of the computer. The CPU controls all the action that occurs inside the computer. CPUs come in different types and speeds. Intel, Cyrix, and AMD are the three main manufactures of CPUs. Intel is the market leader. The speed of the chip is indicated after the brand of the chip. For example a Pentium II 400 runs at 400 MHz. MHz stands for Megahertz, which shows how fast the computer runs. The higher the Megahertz, the faster the computer..

ROMBIOS(Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System) Chip

This chip contains programs, which the system needs to read every time the computer is switched on. This memory is a read only memory in the sense the user is not expected to write anything on it, more than what it already holds.

Power Supply Unit

This controls the flow of current into the system and from the system to various components. Small transformers are used to step down the voltage as the computer units require voltage of lower levels than that is available in the main supply.

Speakers

These are used to control the audio output .In multi media computers; in addition to the internal speakers they will have external speakers also.

Real time Clock

The clock is to keep the correct timing even when the system is off. For this purpose it is supported by batteries.

RAM (Memory)

RAM, Random Access Memory, is commonly referred to as memory. Memory is measured in Megabytes, abbreviated as MB. This is the second most important decision for any PC purchase. RAM is used by the computer as a temporary storage area for the things it is using. Any data that we are using or inputting is temporarily stored in the RAM, where it can be manipulated and used by the computer.

Hard Disk

The hard disk is inside the system unit. This is used for storing programs and data for future use. The more programs we have, the more disk space we will need. Now a days 0 GB hard disk has become very common.

Cache

Cache is another type of memory, which is similar to RAM. To move data between the RAM and the CPU faster computer uses cache..

.Input Devices

Input devices are parts of the computer that allow us to input information and data into the computer. The keyboard, mouse, and joystick are examples of input devices. Scanners and cameras are also input devices, but are not used as often. Disk drives and modems can also be used as input devices.

Keyboard

It is equipped with arrow keys, function keys (F1, F.) text-editing keys (Back Space, Delete and Insert), modifier keys (Shift, Ctrl, Alt) and other keys like Enter, Print Scrn (Print Screen) Scroll lock, Caps Lock and Pause. Today most of the keyboard has 101 keys.Using the keyboard is the primary way of inputting data into many of our programs. Keyboards are usually described by the number of keys they have. The 104 or Windows 5 keyboard comes with special keys for Windows 5. This keyboard comes standard on most computers.

Mouse

The mouse is an input device for getting around in our computer easily. The mouse controls an arrow which can be moved anywhere on the screen. The mouse is good for doing tasks such as moving and pointing to objects on the screen. A two-button mouse is usually standard. Alternatives to the mouse include trackball, touch pad, and touch screen. The joystickis a gadget used mainly for playing some simulation games. It looks like the handle of a gear system in a car.

Scanner

The process of creating a picture file from a photograph is called "scanning" or "digitization". Scanners are useful to copy written page or pictures directly into the computer. There are three basic types of scanners Hand scanners, Page scanners, and Flatbed scanners.

Camera

Camera can take pictures or record movies and save it in the computer. They can be used for video teleconferencing or for putting pictures on cards or even T-shirts.

.Output Devices

Output devices are the parts of the computer that let us see what we are doing. The two main output devices are the monitor and the printer. Disk drives and modems and sound cards could also be considered output devices.

Monitor

Monitor is also known as VDU (Visual Display Unit). Monitors can be monochrome (black and white), color and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The picture on the screen is divided in a grid consisting of 640vertical and 480 horizontal lines. A single cell on this grid is called a pixel (picture cell). More the pixels, better the picture.Several different sizes of monitors are available. Most computers come with a 15 or 17-inch monitor. Interlaced monitors project lines to the screen, through a repeated "project g back" process.

Video Card

The video card is the part of the computer that sends the images to the monitor. Video cards usually contain their own memory chips. This memory helps the computer to load images faster.

Printer

A printer is used to make hard copies of our documents. There are basically three different kinds of printers available Dot matrix, Ink jet or Bubble jet, and Laser printer. The dot matrix printer is the least expensive printer to buy and maintain. It consists of head with a row of pins that strikes the ribbon as it moves across the page. Dot matrix printers are popular because of their low cost. Ink jet printers squirt little droplets of ink onto the paper. The ink dries almost instantly. Ink jet printers are the most feasible for printing in color. Ink jet printers can print good quality color pictures.

Sound Card

Most computers come standard with a sound card. A sound card allows our computer to reproduce music, sounds, and voice.

Modem

The modem allows the computer to communicate with other computers. In computers we use digital signals whereas in telephone lines we use analog signals. If we want to send signals from one computer to another through telephone line, then digital signals have to be converted to analog signals. The process is known as modulation. At the receiving end analog signals have to be converted to digital signals, which is known as demodulation. The electronic gadget used for this modulation and demodulation is modem.Most modems come with faxing capabilities. Modems are available in different speeds. The standard speed is 56.6 Kbps. Kbps stands for kilo bauds per second, which is just the speed of the modem.

SOFTWARE

Computers get the job done by using software. The software tells the computer what to do. We can say that software is a set of instructions given to a computer in a language understandable to the machine. Both hardware and software go hand in hand. One without the other is useless. Software may be written in different types of languages. They are

1.Machine Language

.Assembly Language

.High Level Language

A single instruction given to the machine is called a command. A group of commands is a program. Many small programs when put together we get a module and many modules make a package. Packages can be made for different purposes like banking, education, medicine, engineering etc. For efficient marketing businessmen often put two or three packages together and call their own name. Office 000 is one such package.

Software can be either system software or application software. System software is also known as operating system. While system software is the basic software used in any computer,application software are made to meet specific requirements of the user.

Operating System

Operating system is perhaps the most important one. When we say that no application package can run on a computer without an operating system we can imagine the role being played by this particular software. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.

Functions

Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing inputs from the keyboard, sending output to the screen, keeping track of files and directories, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. It thus makes available the resources of the computer to the user. It is the platform on which other software is placed.

In large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic policeman. It ensures free flow of instructions and monitors the whole system in such a way that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security,

computer

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