Child Abuse

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Cheryl Lyles

Pg.177

Not more than 0 years ago my parents used to slap my sisters and me, or beat us with what ever they could get their hands on. It was not considered abuse back then, it was called discipline. I became interested in this topic because now a day if you spank your child it is considered child abuse. The idea of "child abuse" is controversial. Are children getting it easy these days or are they really being abused?

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There are four major types of abuse, physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect. The one I am going to focus on through out my paper is physical. Physical abuse is defined as any physical injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures to death) as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning or otherwise, harming a child (www.calib.com). Why would a parent want to harm their child in such a way? Some people may have no control over their actions. They may be so drunk they do not realize what they are doing. It made me wonder, if a parent does not want their child why don't they just give it up for adoption? In some cases there are things a parent can do if they do not want to keep their child. In some states you can drop your baby off at the hospital, no questions asked, but that is consequently that is not so in all states. Child abuse is a relatively common problem in our society. "In 000-001, 1,85 children reported being physically abused to childline" (www.childline.com).

When I first started my paper I was convinced that children were getting off easy these days. As I did more research on the subject I realized that child abuse is a problem. Child abuse is found in all societies and is almost always a highly protected secret, wherever it takes place. Only recently and in various countries and cultures, has the abuse of a child come to be seen as a major social problem and a main cause of many people's suffering and personal problems. Yet abuse on younger children has a more devastating impact if they are not treated in their childhood.

Abuse usually occurs when a child is unwanted or in single parent households or when a family is suffering from financial problems. Parents who have drug and alcohol problems may also abuse their children. Most children who are abused as a child become abusing parents when they have children. The impact of abuse is far greater than its immediate, visible affects. Survivors of child abuse may be at a greater risk for problems later in life. They may have low academic achievement, drug use, teen pregnancy, and criminal behavior. There are short and long term consequences that can be caused from child abuse, such as brain damage, developmental delays, learning disorders problems forming relationships and aggressive behavior and depression.

After reading the definition of child abuse I could not understand how a parent could throw, shake, stab, choke or burn their child. I understand that parents get mad and frustrated but there is a point when you need to walk a way and let your self cool down. "In the year 000, an average of ,400 children was found to be victims of child abuse each day" (www.calib.com). "At least ,000 children die each year as a result of child abuse" (www.jimhopper.com). "Furthermore, 5 percent of children that were abused were abused by some one they know" (www.childline.com). When the abuser is some one the child knows it can cause more problems for them. If a child is being abuse they can always call a child abuse prevention agency to get help. They can also go online or talk to a teacher or councilor to get help.

They are unsure weather or not they should turn their abuser in because of threats or weather or not some one is going to believe them or not. The fact that a child might have to grow up with the devastation of being abused is horrible. They have a less chance to succeed than someone who was not abused as a child.

The court system has begun to step in and try and help children that are being abused. In most cases that is not enough. They can always try and remove a child from the home but in some cases it might be some one that does not live in the home that is abusing a child. You can always lock an abuser up, but if they did not commit murder they are likely going to get out sooner or later. Who is to say they will not go after the child that got them locked up in the first place?

After doing research on child abuse my views totally changed. I learned that child abuse goes beyond a spanking or a whooping. Furthermore, it is not just a problem in the U.S. but all over the world. Child abuse can be very harmful to a child, not only physically but mentally to. And can affect them for the rest of their lives. It makes me rethink they way I should raise my children when I have them. Just because I used to get whoopings and I turned out fine does not mean that if I whoop my child they are going to be fine to. I hope that one day everyone will come to realize that child can not protect themselves and we will do everything we can to protect them.

WORKS CITED

Jim Hopper "Child Abuse Statistic, Research, and Resources"

http//www.jimhoppper.com/abstats

"What is Child Abuse"

http//www.calib.com/nccanch/prevention/overview.child

"What is Child Abuse"

http//www.childline.org.uk/Childabuse.asp

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Journeys

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8/1/0

ENG 111-6

Narrative

Journeys

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John and I had a four year courtship. Young and naïve, I had no idea or experience in how a healthy relationship should be. I enjoyed the sense of commitment but soon realized that I was the only party practicing it. Days at a time, John would be gone leaving me to deal with my pregnancy alone.

I began rethinking the meaning of love, honesty and commitment. After a couple of sleepless nights, I was more than certain than I had been about anything in my life. There was nothing more for me to do but inform the person most affected by my decision, my finance and first love, John Smith.

I moved a few steps, taking a deep sigh and picked up the phone pressing the speed button for John. A bubbly young female voice said, "Hello." I paused for a moment and responded, "Can you put John on the phone?" She replied "I'll be happy to." John answered the phone with a voice filled with guilt. John said, "Honey, I'm on my way home, Rita from work, well she needed a ride home." A few seconds of silence passed before "I said, I can't do this anymore." "Can't do what?" Kim darling… what are you talking about? "I can't continue this dysfunctional relationship, I'm leaving."

My voice was cool and controlled. "What!" he screamed. His mind seemed to be closing down, refusing to comprehend my words."John, I'm going to say this for the last time then I'm hanging up the phone, it's over between you and me." "Why, what about the engagement and our baby?" John asked faintly. The tone of his voice had changed in seconds from forceful to pleading. "John you know why," I said firmly. I felt in my heart he knew exactly why.

I filled two large suitcases with what could fit and packed my 17 Toyota Corolla and headed for serenity. Preparing for motherhood as a single mother became my challenge. I had no energy left to give to the abusive relationship with John. As I walked out of the house, I felt that a huge weight was lifted off of my chest. I vowed never to return.

Getting an apartment, going to more doctor's appointments, and Lamaze classes filled my days. My due date was approaching rapidly which made things a little scary yet exciting. I read all the parenting books I could find and still felt unprepared. I prayed every night that everything would be okay.

I remember the afternoon being hot and humid in June. I gave birth to a seven pound baby boy. The sounds of his first cry were the most serene sounds I had ever heard. I did it! I made the right choice to search for peace and sanity. I found the true meaning of love and learned how nurturing could can be.

Although my journeys were difficult lessons, I feel that faith, determination and self reliance have become positive tools in navigating through life obstacles.

Please note that this sample paper on journeys is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on journeys, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research paperson journeys will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The history of Malaria in Temperate europe

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The History of Malaria in Temperate Europe

In recent times, the idea that malaria is and always has been strictly a tropical disease has become a common belief. In other words, there exists a belief that malaria has never been and could never be a problem in countries in temperate climate zones like the nations of Europe and Canada. The basis of this belief lies in the assumption that malaria is a disease whose range and demographics are determined predominantly by climate and temperature. Specifically that malaria requires temperatures in excess of those found in the Northern temperate regions. This assertion is however completely inaccurate. In fact, malaria has been found as far north as the city of Archangel located in the Arctic circle

Malaria has been a scourge of Europe practically since the beginnings of European civilizations. It should be noted here that it is difficult to know quantitatively the exact history and epidemiology of malaria in ancient Europe (or indeed any other disease). The historical records of most time periods with regards to dangerous diseases and their effects tend to be rather incomplete. Compounding this difficulty was the fact that early European physicians due to their lack of knowledge of modern medicine tended to misdiagnose the cause of many diseases.

Indeed, the discovery of the cause malaria (Plasmodium malariae)only occurred in the year 1880 when Alphonse Laveran observed sporozoites of this parasite present in a sample of blood from a patient suffering from intermittent fever. In spite of these difficulties, medical historians have been able to find descriptions of diseases in history that very closely match those of the pathology of present-day strains of malaria.

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L. W. Hackett observes that in ancient Greece, "Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. was acquainted with the swellings of the spleen among inhabitants of marshy regions". Hackett also notes that "the cult of the Fever Goddess in Rome was extremely old". De Zulueta and Bruce-Chawatt offer further proof of the existence of malaria in Rome when they note that the Roman Varro "emphasized that a house should be built in a high and well ventilated place so that small 'bestiole' that are bred nearby should be blown away" In fact, the presence of malaria in Italy was a fact of life until the year 170 whereby the World Health Organization declared that Italy was finally free of malaria.

European nations that were farther north than the Mediterranean peninsula unfortunately were not spared the depredations of the various Plasmodium species and all the major nations of Europe had regions within their national boundaries that were endemic to malaria. For instance, certain parts of England suffered the presence of 'marsh fevers' and 'agues' such that areas like Essex near saline marshes were studiously avoided by all who could afford to and noted for their unhealthiness. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the extent of malaria in Europe (including the United Kingdom) and identify the factors that influenced its eventual decline and disappearance from the Western world that began in some parts of Europe as early as the 17th century.

If anything, the above stated example of malaria finding its way to the city of Archangel amply demonstrates the inadequacy of the idea that climate alone influences where malarial parasites can take root. Nonetheless, it is still true that as of 175, Europe was declared free of malaria. It is therefore necessary to search for other alternative factors that will explain the notable absence of a disease that is otherwise rampant in many parts of the world, particularly the third world. Many medical historians recognizing the weaknesses of the 'climate' hypothesis have claimed that the decline of malaria in Europe is actually more closely related to the rapid and deep changes that European society went through as it changed from a subsistence-agrarian society to a modern industrial state society from the 17th century to the present.

For instance, during this time period, European society began to develop new and more productive methods of agriculture such as the implementation of crop rotation which ended the need of European farmers to let at least one third of their fields go fallow at any given time. This coincided with the discovery of root plants that in addition to replenishing the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients were also made good feed for livestock during the winter months when grazing was difficult or impossible. It was this development that made viable for the first time, the production of livestock beyond the subsistence level. Prior to this, farmers were unable to produce the numbers of livestock that would have made separate housing for their beasts necessary and more often than not animals resided in close proximity with their masters.

The creation of separate housing for livestock and farmers is one of the factors that has been correlated to the decline of malaria in Europe. Hackett notes that stables are attractive environments to Anopheles maculipennis mosquitoes, the most important vector of malaria in the Dombes and Camarque areas of France since these mosquitoes tended "to frequent places which offer a nightly food supply and which are dark, humid, warm and relatively free from draughts." As well, in Switzerland, it has been noted that the "rise of cattle" and "greater stabling in winter" contributed to the decline of malaria that nation. Germany also experienced a decrease in the 1th century that coincided with the "draining of marshes and better agricultural practices." The history of malaria in Belgium also reflects this trend of the incidence of malaria infection to decline as agricultural practices improved. The case of malaria in England also supports this correlation as by the early twentieth century, "dark, ill-ventilated, stables, byres and pigsties or old-fashioned cottages with low roofs, ribboned with cobwebs, were teeming with mosquitoes in the English marshes but they were rarely collected from well-ventilated 'modern' human habitations." In effect the division of habitations of livestock and humans into physically separated locations combined with trend of human habitations that were brighter and better ventilated (and hence less hospitable to mosquitoes of the Anopheles varieties) more than likely affected the rates of infection in malaria endemic zones.

Another factor closely related to the development of agriculture in Europe that had a tremendous effect upon the distribution of malaria in Europe was the draining of marshes and the creation of dykes to claim new arable land for development. It was noted by most of the inhabitants of England in the time of Daniel Dafoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) that it was far more likely to get seriously ill in certain areas of the country. In particular, there existed a "contrast between the healthy 'airs' and 'waters' of some coastal places (in England), especially those with chalk landscapes, and the unhealthiness of marshy coastal and estuarine localities." The unhealthiness of saline marsh areas in England was so pronounced that "vicars rarely lived their marshland parishes, so fearful were they of the 'agues' and 'marsh fevers'." As it happens, saline marshes and estuarine areas are the preferred breeding areas of Anopheles Atroparvus, the principal vector of malaria in England. Furthermore, A. atroparvus is still present in England and its current distribution matches very closely the regions of England formerly associated with endemic 'marsh fever'. It therefore stands to reason that the draining of marshes that were 'brackish' in nature would have affected the mortality and morbidity rates of endemic malaria those areas near the aforementioned marshes. The historian Mary Dobson corroborated this observation when she noted that "Whitley concluded that the decline of malaria was the result 'in very nearly every case' of one cause - improved land drainage." The positive affects of the removal of breeding habitat of the Anopheles mosquito upon the rates of malaria was also demonstrated in Italy during the 10s. In this time period, "the reclamation of 00,000 acres of marshland in the depopulated Pontine marshes that allowed for the settlement of nearly 100,000 people." Not all of the efforts of humankind to alter the environment have been as successful in terms of the reduction of malaria. For example, Bruce-Chawatt and de Zulueta observe that in 1th century France, the town of Narbonne became malarious when it cut down the neighboring forests, turning the adjacent salt lakes into marshes. Mary Dobson also notes that while marshlands in the 1th and early 14th centuries were home to large populations of people, by the 16th century, these areas became highly malarious. Dobson offers the possible explanation that the inning of the marshes that occurred during this period may have created ideal breeding habitats for Anopheles. mosquitoes and that "many coastal regions of Essex and Kent, once washed by the tides, found themselves inned from the sea and covered in pools of stagnant water."

Another very important change that occurred in western society was the rise of public health initiatives. Irrespective of the effectiveness of the development of new agricultural techniques and its associated factors, malaria remained a problem in Europe, although it was a diminished problem . It was not until nations began to invest in public health initiatives that malaria truly disappeared from the continent of Europe. The idea of 'public health' is relatively new (in a historical sense) and Dobson notes that "by the late eighteenth century, there was a move towards environmental improvements in many spheres and in diverse rural and urban localities, as a way of improving the healthiness of the people." Perhaps one of the first public health initiatives with regards to malaria was the making available of quinine to most people. Prior to this event, quinine due to its high cost was only available to the small percentage of the population that could afford it. In England for example, the cost of quinine "fell from about £1 per drachm in the 1840s to 8s 6d an ounce by 1875 and to less than 10d an ounce in the late nineteenth century". While the increase of use of quinine to treat malaria would not have affected the demographics of the disease, the widespread use of quinine would have certainly reduced the pathology and more debilitating effects of the disease. It can be said then that quinine was a factor in the amelioration of malaria in Europe that occurred from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Indeed prior to this reduction in cost of quinine, "an aggressive smuggling operation developed, reminiscent of that which is still present in the world today for cocaine." Incidentally, the effectiveness of quinine in treating 'marsh fevers and agues' is in fact proof that malaria existed in Europe since quinine is noted for its ability to treat malaria and malaria alone.

The most important type of public health initiatives vis-a-vis the disappearance of malaria from the continent of Europe however only became prevalent by the early twentieth century. It was during this time that 'anti-malarial' and malaria 'control' programs began to be developed. Paul Reiter is not incorrect when he observes that in Europe "it was not until the advent of DDT after World War II, that a concerted effort could be made to eradicate disease from the entire continent." For example, the nationwide campaign that Romania embarked upon to control the spread of malaria in 14, ended up being so successful that the program was converted into a malaria eradication program in 155 (see Table 1). The same kind ofanti-malarial campaign initiated in the Netherlands in the year 147 also resulted in a complete eradication of indigenous malaria (see Table ). Spain is another country that owes its malaria free status to the dedicated work of health authorities, among their accomplishments is "the establishment of 0 antimalaria dispensaries". Measures like this and the overall improvement of the quality of life of the citizens of Spain after the end of the Second World War caused the disappearance of malaria in Spain (see Table ). This is in contrast to the Netherlands and Romania, as both of these European nations had to employ direct antimalarial programs to remove endemic malaria from their midst.

It is important to note that even before malaria was expelled from the European continent, it had been on the decline in terms of both pathology and as a threat to public health in most European nations. In the 1860s the English Medical Officer of Health George Whitley surveyed the parishes in those localities that had previously suffered from the 'ague' and despite the fact that the 'ague still existed in the localities surveyed, it was noted that the 'ague' of 1864 was nowhere near as dangerous as it had been in the past. There are several possible causes of this pattern that have been noted.

One of the possible causes of the amelioration of the effects of malaria demonstrated in England was related to the fact that the frequency of mosquito bites might have been reduced due to the reduction of mosquito breeding habitat caused by the draining of salt marshes, the partitioning of humans and livestock into separate quarters and the overall decrease in population that occurred in rural regions as the Industrial Revolution drew increasing numbers of rural inhabitants to the cities to work in the factories that were developing there. All of these factors would have decreased the chances of Anopheles mosquitoes successfully transmitting the disease to new hosts and therefore the cycle of infection would have became harder to maintain.

It also has been noted that a reduction in the frequency of mosquitoes taking blood meals from the resident human population would have also decreased the odds of a patient suffering "repeated and successive attacks or a continuous invasion of mixed parasites, especially if a number of different species and strains of parasite had been formerly prevalent in the English marshes" and therefore the disease would be much less pathogenic to the host. The availability of quinine described above would have also contributed to this effect.

Another factor that may have influenced the seriousness of malaria (again as documented in England) was also related to the demographics of the more isolated malarious regions of England. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the populations of certain marsh areas in England showed a decrease in the amount of newcomers and thereafter population numbers were maintained by positive birth rates, giving the area a newfound stability. This could be a significant development as patients of malaria often can develop partial immunity. In the absence of newcomers constantly bringing new strains of malaria, it might have been possible for the inhabitants of these areas to have developed a form of 'community immunity' which would have contributed greatly to the reduction of malaria as a serious disease in these areas.

A final factor that may have reduced the pathogenicity of malaria might be related to the fact that the people in Europe were becoming more healthy. European society was becoming aware of the need for clean drinking water, proper nutrition, better housing, improved hygiene and many other conditions necessary to maintain personal health. The improvement of diet and nutrition could have enabled sufferers of malaria to better cope with their infections. It should be noted however that there some debate on the issue of the effect of nutrition on the course of an infection of malaria.

In conclusion, while climate is an important factor in determining the geographic range and type of malaria that will be present in any given area, it is a fallacy to assume that just because malaria is best suited to tropical environments, it has always been strictly a tropical disease. This paper has demonstrated that malaria, far from being a stranger to the temperate shores of Europe, has instead been present in Europe from the times of antiquity. It has only been very recently that Europe has been declared malaria free. Furthermore, since the climate of Europe has been relatively constant for the past 00 years, it is obvious that other factors than the overall climate were at work reducing the effect and presence of malaria in Europe. This paper notes that socio-economic factors like changing agricultural techniques, demographics of populations and changing social attitudes towards issues like public health have had a far greater influence upon the epidemiology of malaria in Europe. The implications of this are far reaching. If the epidemiology of Europe has been influenced in a positive way by the changing of Western society, it is possible to infer that malaria might be less of medical problem and more of a social problem. If malaria is indeed a social problem, then the current efforts to curb malaria's depredations in much of the third world might be doomed to failure if the issues of poverty and underdevelopment in the nations of the third world are not attended to as well. The paper also serves to remind the reader that until very recently, nations in temperate regions had to contend with endemic malaria. Therefore climate is not a barrier to malaria and it should not be assumed that malaria can never again return to scourge nations that lie in the temperate parts of the earth.

Table 1. The number of cases of malaria in Romania during the period 148-177.

YearNumber of casesYear Number of cases

1488,181616

14,616418

1505,461651

1514,0816610

1510,4416716

15,10168

1540164

155817010

15641716

1571641717

158781717

1518417418

160817510

16181767

1617717

Note Since 16 all cases of malaria were either relapses of previous infections or accidentally induced by blood transfusion from infected donors or imported from abroad. The last case of indigenous malaria was recorded in 16.

Table . Cases of malaria in the Netherlands from 146 to178.

YearNumber of casesIndigenous cases YearNumber of cases

14615,0015,00164

1475,405,1701661

1484,5154,100164

146004016516

1508475166

1514101676

1516511684

1511516

15411801701

1551041716

1561117171

157100.17

1581041747

158117554

1600017676

16171177107

1640178108

16610

Note During the period 146-155 cases of indigenous and introduced malaria were classified separately. For the period 156-16 these cases are included in the totals; the bulk of the latter is composed of imported cases. From 16 onwards all cases of malaria were imported from abroad.

Table . Morbidity and mortality from malaria in Spain (16-178).

Year Number of cases notifiedNumber of deathsYearNumber of cases notifiedNumber of deaths

164,757168158610

1761,54171501

1881,45816080

185,5068161150

14010,487561680

1415,51,781650

1476,7741,78116410

1446,751,0716510

14440,6516660

145105,650116710

146,557516840

14786,764188160

14864,81641700

144,87084171780

15018,7071710

15114,54561740

15,4754817411

155,817500

154,7761760

155,006177570

1561,08161780

15746414

Note The last indigenous cases of malaria in Spain were reported in 16. Since then all cases were imported from overseas, with the exception of 171 when over 54 cases of P. vivax malaria occurred as a result of accidental outbreak of transfusion malaria from a blood bank, where overseas donors were involved.

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Analysis of Cunnamulla

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The documentary "Cunnamulla", is an advocacy that illustrates a quintessential Australian town. Dennis O'Rourke, a famous documentalist advocates his position by using various, skilful film techniques and elements. The documentalist only presents one person's version of reality throughout a number of interviews. He is able to influence the audience so they have a bias view of the town of Cunnamulla.

"Cunnamulla", a social commentary documentary explores people's lives and issues at the end of the railway line, eight hundred kilometres west of Brisbane, Australia. It is filmed just before an extremely hot Christmas in the bush and theres a lot more occurring than what many people would believe. In "Cunnamulla", indigenous people and white Australians live together, but also apart. "Creativity struggles against indifference, eccentricity against conformity" (Cunnamulla, 5-07-0). Daily dramas are continually developing and unfolding. Famous country-and-western singer Slim Dusty is coming to the town, as seen by many posters, a teenage concert pianist is touring, and the community is preparing for Christmas. Dennis ORourke introduces the audience to real-life characters such as Neredah, a highly opinionated town member, Paul, an aboriginal in trouble with the police, and Cara and Kellie-Anne, promiscuous teens that long to escape to the city. "Sometimes sad, often hilarious, it is an astonishingly honest portrait of the eccentricities, hypocrisies and reality of life in an isolated community" (Cunnamulla, 5-07-0).

The documentalist selects a range of inhabitants to interview. These bold, daring people voice their opinions on-camera with a spirited Australian mix of humour, outrageousness and prejudice. This occurs when they are either discussing the state of the nation or the townsfolk's sex-lives. The town of Cunnamulla is portrayed through their words and actions. Their intimate thoughts are laid bare for all to see. The film conceivably never gets beyond its subjects entertaining talk, though there are glimpses of depth and desperation in the plight of the youngsters, dying to escape the dead-end. By creating this view the documentalist has positioned the audience to create the automatic one-sided view.

Occasionally we see more than a couple of figures in a frame, and there are fleeting glimpses of events and groups a funeral, the races, a show, shots of kids in a pool, or riding on a merry-round. These shots are carefully composed and pleasing to look at. Dennis O'Rourke may be presenting an often-bleak vision, but it is also thoughtfully framed. The camera technique again emphasises the documentalist's message.

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The interviews conducted are typical of other common interviews allowing the viewer to see the upper part of the interviewee's body. There are occasional distanced shots of houses and street signs to allow the audience to know where they are filming.

Visual and audio elements play an important role in showing the interviewees and the documentalists view. Music selected for the documentary effectively emphasises the visual images projected. The documentalist utilises each component of the soundtrack to maximise the impact to the audience. Orchestral music, heavy metal and the Chopin Waltz are all diverse music that is played throughout the documentary. The natural background sounds, dialogue and music from the soundtrack, are other elements that the documentalist exploits to reinforce the visual message.

Further bias is attained by the inclusion of a scene with Paul. He casually says "Drink, smoke marijuana, look for women and break in, that's all you can do in Cunnamulla".

The documentalist implements techniques, comprising footage, emotive shots, and other elements with extreme effectiveness and he reinforces the purpose of the documentary. However in these techniques and by omitting negative images, he fails to adequately portray a balanced representation.

By filming the killing of a dog, cutting the head off a chicken and then watching it suffer, showed the audience a slight idea of disturbing but true country life. These events and the inclusion of strong profanities during the entire film created a weakness, which wasn't necessary in portraying a typical country town.

Dennis O' Rourke filmed the interviewees showing how they felt and using personal anecdotes with great strength. The audience could highly understand their views and personal issues.

The documentary was not credible as Dennis O' Rourke immersed himself in the lives of only ten of Cunnamullas marginal population. With approximately one thousand five hundred people living in the town it would have been more appropriate to use more interviewees for a more non-bias view.

Dennis O' Rourke leads the audience to believe that the youth and people of Cunnamulla have no prospects and no future. The documentary was subjective and truly one man's version of reality.

"Cunnamulla" was not truly representational as it only shows Dennis O'Rourke's interpretation of reality. Cunnamulla is a town, which embodies all of the huge issues, which are now the issues of national debate; race, identity, right-wing politics, fairness and reconciliation. "Cunnamulla" is an informative, enjoyable film that appeals to a wide range of diverse audiences. O'Rourke, (18/1), Cunnamulla, viewed 5-07-0

Please note that this sample paper on Analysis of Cunnamulla is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analysis of Cunnamulla, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Analysis of Cunnamulla will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Survey

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on survey. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality survey paper right on time.

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Immigration

"Gate Crashers"

1. America's population will grow exponentially in the upcoming years. It is reported that there are going to be upward of 8 million Americans in the year 050.

. Kinsley's belief of the "ethnic stock" is less of a concern is because there will always be a dominance of Anglo-Saxon people.

Buy custom survey term paper

. Kinsley's view on the debate of immigration is that they "depend on your sense of what makes America America."

4. An argument can be unpersuasive because it gives too much information. In the end, it ends up not arguing anything at all, it just gives the basics. For example, no one can argue with the fact of child labor laws, it is just understood that children should not be working.

5.

a. Riffs repeated phrases used to make a point

b. Elitist small dominant group

c. Complacent content or self-satisfied

d. Xenophobic A person who is afraid of foreigners

e. Curtailed to cut short or abbreviate

f. Assimilation to absorb into prevailing culture

"Illegal Immigration How to Turn the Tide"

1. Becker's thesis is stated at the end of the first paragraph. He says "I believe suck immigration can be effectively discouraged by sizably increasing the number of illegal entrants or those who hire them."

. The U.S. immigration policy is morally questionable when they start providing benefits for those people who are in the country illegally. It is also questionable when the country grants the illegal people amnesty from their own country.

. According to Becker, when illegal immigration is restricted, "the number of immigrants who sneak in or seek work after entering as a tourist will expand."

4. Becker does not make a distinction between immigrants and citizens, just that they should be enforced more to become citizens because of the better benefits they would receive.

5.

a. Shunned to avoid or punish

b. Benign promoting well being

c. Stoically indifferent or unaffected

d. Erroneous mistaken

e. Compensation to be reimbursed for something

Survey

Age Under 18 18-4 4-40 40 or Older

Gender Male Female

Race Caucasian African American Latino/Mexican American

Asian or Pacific Islander Other

Legal Affiliation Democrat Republican Other

1. Should America decrease the levels of immigrants? Why or why not?

. Do you feel that the U.S. Government is taking adequate steps to control illegal immigration? Why or why not?

. Are you concerned that immigrants will take your job? Why or why not?

4. Do you believe immigrants enhance society? Why or why not?

5. Do you believe that most immigrants are in the U.S. illegally? Why or why not?

6. Do you believe that an immigrant that does not speak English can be a good citizen? Why or why not?

7. Do you believe that immigrants should be eligible for welfare, food stamps, etc.? Why or why not?

Please note that this sample paper on survey is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on survey, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essayon survey will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Island of the blue dolphins

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Island of the Blue Dolphins

1. 1. I felt as if I had been gone a long time as I stood there looking down from the high rock. I was happy to be home.

Everything I saw - the otter playing in the kelp, the rings of foam around the rocks guarding the harbor, the gulls

flying, the tides moving past the sandspit - filled me with happiness.

Help with essay on island of the blue dolphins

[Explanation]

This quotation comes from the beginning of chapter eleven. Karana has awakened from her long sleep on the

shore, where she collapsed exhausted after her failed attempt to cross the sea in a canoe. This point in the novel

marks a turning point for Karana; before she had been able to stay on the island only because she believed that

the white men would come any day to retrieve her. When she realized they would not, she despaired and tried to

leave the island on her own. Looking out on the familiar sights of Ghalas-at, Karana sees it as her home and no

longer feels so lonely (even though she is alone). Her feelings are the complete opposite of those she expressed

only three days before; it is the same island, but her experience alone on the ocean has lead her to see it in a new

light.

. Below me, Rontu was running along the cliff barking at the screaming gulls. Pelicans were chattering as they

fished the blue water. Far off I could hear the bellow of a sea elephant. But suddenly, as I thought of Tutok, the

island seemed very quiet.

[Explanation]

This quotation comes from the beginning of chapter eleven. Karana has awakened from her long sleep on the

shore, where she collapsed exhausted after her failed attempt to cross the sea in a canoe. This point in the novel

marks a turning point for Karana; before she had been able to stay on the island only because she believed that

the white men would come any day to retrieve her. When she realized they would not, she despaired and tried to

leave the island on her own. Looking out on the familiar sights of Ghalas-at, Karana sees it as her home and no

longer feels so lonely (even though she is alone). Her feelings are the complete opposite of those she expressed

only three days before; it is the same island, but her experience alone on the ocean has lead her to see it in a new

light.

. Ulape would have laughed at me, and others would have laughed, too - my father most of all. Yes this is the

way I felt about the animals who had become my friends and those who were not, but in time could be. If Ulape

and my father had come back and laughed, and all the others had come back and laughed, still I wouldhave felt

the same way, for animals and birds are like people, too, though they do not talk the same or do the same things.

Without them the earth would be an unhappy place.

[Explanation]

This quotation comes from the end of chapter 4. The chapter describes a spring and summer during which

many of the animals Karana has become friends with start families. Karanas vow never to kill another animal or

bird marks the development of her own moral code, which is different from that of her people. That Karanas

morals are uniquely hers is expressed by her mention of her people in her declaration of her decision. Karana

knows that her people (especially Chowig, her father and Ulape, her sister) would find her new ethical standard

ridiculous, but Karana nevertheless espouses them, and explains her reasoning for the reader to understand.

4. Until that summer, I had kept count of all the moons since the time my brother and I were alone on the island.

For each one that came and went I cut a mark in a pole beside the door of my house. There were many marks,

from the roof to the floor. But after that summer I did not cut them any more. The passing of the moons now had

come to mean little, and I only made marks to count the four seasons of the year. The last year I did not count

those.

[Explanation]

These lines appear midway through chapter 5. In chapter twenty-five, many things happen to mark the passing

of time on the island of the blue dolphins; Rontu dies, a generation of otters comes and goes. This quotation

shows that time the way the rest of the world sees it has come to mean little for Karana. She has now been on

Ghalas-at many years, and her days have become indistinguishable one from the other.

5. Now that the white men had come back, I could not think of what I would do when I went across the sea, or

make picture in my mind of the white men and what they did there, or see my people who had been gone so long.

Nor, thinking of the past, of the many summers and winters and springs that had gone, could I see each of them.

They were all one, a tight feeling in my breast and nothing more.

[Explanation]

This quotation comes from chapter twenty-nine, is in many ways related to above lines from chapter 5. This

quotation, like the last one, shows that Karanas days on the island have all melded together. However, now that

the white men have come for Karana, she is being thrust back into the time of the rest of the world. This quotation

also shows that Ghalas-at had become Karanas world during the time she stayed there. Now that she is leaving,

she cannot imagine a life outside the one she has know for so long.

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George orwell

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1. William Shakespeare

"The Marriage of True Minds"

Simple love sonnet What one characteristic must true love have? What can cause love to change? What does the final couplet mean?

Answer One characteristic must be true love should have is an impediment. Love can be change when one starts having too much expectation or starts comparing with other things. The last couplet means that love is not for only outer looks of a person it is more than that. Love is something from heart to heart.

"Remembrance of Things Past"

What are thee things the speaker miss/regret about the past?

What makes up for his sorrow over the past?

Answer Three things the speaker miss or regret about the past are friends, afresh love's long and expense of many a vanished sight. While he thinks on them dear friends make up for his sorrow.

"When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes"

When is disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes" What are four of the things the speaker desires? Why does he think he is better of than a king?

Answer The four things the speaker desires for are to be richer in hope, featured like him, like him with friends possessed, also desiring this man's art, and the man's scope. He thinks he is better of than a king because he has everything that he wants and still he does not have to worry about other people because king is always thinking for his people.

"Black as Hell, Dark as Night"

In what way is this different in tone and content from the other love sonnets?

Answer This is different in tone and content from the other love sonnets because this love is more being negative then loving someone. Also it is more of selfish and being mad with him or herself.

. John Donne

"The Flea"

Who is the speaker and to who is he speaking? How are "tow bloods mingled"? Why would it be a sin to kill the flea? Obviously the flea is a metaphor used for seduction. How is the choice of a flea used to control the tone of the poem?

Answer The speaker is Mark and he is talking to himself. Our tow blood mingled first he was sucked and now sucks thee. I think Flea is the ego to kill and life can be better if a person does not have ego. The Flea is used in this so well like talking about another person.

"Song"

Can you catch a falling star? Can we hear Mermaids? What do all the demands in stanza one has in common? In stanza two we discover that when he talks about an "honest mind" in stanza one, he is talking about whose honest mind? The climax in stanza three when he makes what assertion about women?

Answer All demands in song one have common is thinking of getting something, which is impossible. An honest mind might be meaning saying that person who

does not have any fiction thinking. The climax is about finding a true and fair women and he says if you find her call me I will come to meet her.

Holy Sonnet #10

This is an apostrophe. Who is the narrator addressing? What is he referring to in line -14? Why will death die?

Answer The narrator is addressing to death. He is referring to the point that some die from poison and some from war, but we all have same ending for life

, which is death.

"For Whom the Bell Tolls"

What does the bell signify? Why is no man an island?

Answer The bell is signifying that he thinks it doth and it is interment again. Also united to God. No man is an island because every man is a piece of the continent and part of the God.

6. Andrew Marvell

"Had We But World"

Compare this to Herrick's poem. Similar themes.

Answer Herrick's poem is about the age and time and how when we are young can handle things better and as we grow we have lost the energy and the glory of

heaven looks better. We all are running around the time of age. Marvell is talking about the world and we don't have enough time to sit and think what we

want from life and the life time clock keeps running. When we realize we are no younger and find things hard.

7. John Milton

"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent"

Why does Milton say his days are in a dark world? Why is he asking for patience and from whom does he expect to get patience? What does the final line indicate about how he feels about his condition?

Answer His days are in a dark world because he is not happy from his life. He asking for patience because he hopes that his time can be better and he is

expecting to get patience from God. The final line indicated about God helping people who wait and stand from things to happen to them rather then trying to

get something.

"Every Dark Cloud"

What gives one the ability to see the silver lining?

Answer The ability to see the silver lining is given by who are supreme good, which are honest and will spend time to help others.

"Pandemonium"

What does the word pandemonium mean today and what does it represent in the poem?

Answer The word Pandemonium means today confusion.

"To Justify the Ways of God"

What does the speaker ask for in the poem and why?

Answer The speaker is asking for pure and big heart to support others and to justify the ways of God to men.

"Better to Reign in Hell"

Why does the speaker want to reign in hell? What's wrong with heaven?

Answer The speaker wants to reign in hell because he is not able to find out the difference in hell and heaven if the life is not better. If we are doing

well from heart and know what is God and where it is then there is no difference between hell and heaven.

8. John Dryden

"Epigram on Milton"

What talents does Dryden ascribe to Milton?

Answer The first loftiness of thought and next in majesty and last force of nature.

. Alexander Pope

"Essay on Man"

What is an "isthmus of a middle state"? Why is pope referring to man as

darkly and rudely? What does he think about man's ability to reason? What gets in the way of man's reason? Why do you think he advises the reader to

study man instead of God?

Answer Isthmus of a middle state means callable of holding things together. I think by saying darkly and rudely he means in negative way man are more wise and rude. In this world man's ability to be selfish is too much. Because it is very easy to know God and worship him but man is so concretive one can never find out what is going on in the mind of man.

10. William Blake

"The Chimney Sweeper"

Compare the page 10 sweeper with the page 11 sweeper? What is the plight of children and what makes their plight bearable? In page 11 sweepers,

who does he blame for the children's condition?

Answer It is bearable because Tom never mind it and the soot cannot spoil someone. Parents are blamed for the children's condition.

"Holy Thursday"

Why does he juxtapose two opposing images in the first stanza? What do the sun and the rain represent in the final stanza?

Answer In the first stanza he is comparing two opposite images to show how they can be similar in end. In the end again he is comparing two different

things to show that they both bring different kind of joy. Even thought they are different they do bring joy.

"London"

Why repeat, "charter'd and "mark"? What is a mind forg'd manacle? What do church, soldier and palace represent? Why end the image of harlots?

Answer. He is trying to explain how people are worried and unhappy. Make means weakness. The mind forg'd means wherever he sees men, infant they are caring and have same reason for tears. When he sees church it is black means full of evil and soldiers are helpless. In last he says God bless the youthful and newborn so next generous can be better.

11. William Wordsworth

"Line"

What has made the second visits different to Wordsworth? How has the first visit

affected his life? What keeps his "genial spirits" from decaying? In lines 85-87 he talks about loss and gain. What did he lose? What gain?

Answer He lost he heart and he gain his state of min on the occasion of his first time he adds thought to sense.

"Michael"

Summarize the plot and explain what corrupted Michael's son? What Wordsworth's didactic message here? What does the unfinished sheepfold

represent?

Answer This poem is about attempted to posture a man agitated by two of the most powerful affections of the human heart. The parental affection and the love of dance. The subtitle shows Wordsworth's shift of term from make believe to the tragic suffering of people in what he called" humble and rustic life."

"The Child Is Father"

What is so special about the rainbow? How is the rainbow like a child who is father of the man? What is natural piety?

Answer The rainbow is so special because it has all the colors of life, which are different, but when they are together they make a special place for them. The

rainbow is a child who is father of the man because it is brings happiness in life. Natural piety means it put together the different colors and makes all of them very import and compete with each other.

"Ode Intimations of Immortality"

Question Review stanza 5 and explain how a birth is but a sleep and a forgetting. Do you think word worth has gone too far with the language of man

with his darling of a pigmy size? What do we do when we con another part? What is the hour of splendor in the grass and what is primal sympathy?

Answer I think author is talking about that the birth of human is not for just to sleep eat and forget about what we are suppose to do when we are on this earth. We should do something with our life so we can be remember ever when we are not exiting on the earth. I think is about the birds singing and joy which grass and flowers are having from it. Also it is about the glory in flower from the good weather. I think he is talking about beauty of nature.

"London, 180"

Why does the narrator think London needs Milton? What do the altar, sward, pen, fireside represent? Look at footnote. Why is Wordsworth depressed?

Answer This poem is about how human is selfish and wants God to take back bad habits and change with better behavior.

"The world is too much with us"

Compare the tone of this with the tone of " London". What does Wordsworth think the world needs? What does Proteus represent?

Answer London has tone of sorrow for human being and Wordsworth is about how one dies leaving behind unfinished things.

1. Samuel Taylor Coleridge

"Kubla Khan"

Describe the nature of the images in the first stanza. How do they differ from the second stanza? Specifically compare the contrasting images of the last line of stanza . What is the Abyssinian maid doing and what is her function in the poem?

Answer This poem is about lacked a moral and the own judgment and chief fault. Maid is doing her function as a servant and following the orders.

"Rime of the Ancient Mariner"

What is an albatross literally? What does he become metaphorically in the excerpt?

Answer An albatross is literally is a place or street. They thought it is God's soul and they hailed on God's name.

1. Percy Bysshe Shelley

"Ozymandias"

What is and antique land? What is the central irony between the description in the poem and the words on Ozymandias's monument?

Answer An antique land maybe mean a place where the old ways are kept reserved. The meaning of ozymandias in the poem is keeping old heritage live.

"To Wordsworth"

Wordsworth died in 1850; so obviously, Wordsworth has not "cease to be". What is Shelley talking about and why? How does Shelley characterize

Word worth initially?

Answer Shelley is talking about a life of a person from childhood to death and different phrases and ups and downs of life. Shelley characterizes Wordsworth

initially true and labret.

"A Song"

What bothers Shelley about England? Explain the bee metaphor.

Answer The things bother about England that rich

robs to wear a very formal life to live and people

have weapon, chain and stuff to kill others.

14. George Gordon, Lord Byron

This is a pretty famous love song. Does it work? What is Byron celebrating?

Answer Yes, this poem is full of love and pampering of a lady. I think Byron is celebrating the beauty of her heart and features.

15. John Keats

"On Seeing the Elgin Marbles"

In what way is this poem connects to the Homer poem? In what way is Keats' response to the relics mixed? Why so intense?

Answer The both poems are talking about mind and the thinking of has brain. He is responsible for this because he is able to make his confident on himself.

"When I have fears that I may cease to be"

Comment on the connection between the subject of the poem and the subtext of Elgin Marbles poem. What does Keats want to do before he dies?

Answer Keats wants to write down what is in his brain and want have good romance and not to think about past before dieing.

"To Homer"

Homer again- the past again. What does the past mean to Keats? Look at the way he uses Jove, Pan, Neptune. How is this like the last few lines of Wordsworth's "The World Is too Much with Us"?

Answer Jove is like heaven and Neptune is making tent and Pan is sing for forest. In the last he is talking about queen of earth and heaven and hell are

triple things of life.

"Ode to a Nightingale"

What is the overall tone? In section III, Specifically what does he fear/mourn? How will he, in section IV, soar away with the nightingale? What will be his vehicle? What might be the connection between death and poetry?

Answer This is about a poisonous drug taken for heart attach and also about some Roman goddess of flowers. The fountain of the muses on whoever water

brings poetic inspiration.

"Ode on a Grecian Urn"

Keats is looking at a Grecian Urn on display in a British museum and he describes what he sees. Why is the picture frozen better than real

life? What conclusion is suggested by the final two lines?

16. Mathew Arnold

"Dover Beach"

Who is the speaker addressing in the poem? How is sea like life? What can save us from the pain of the world? Why is Sophocles mentioned?

Answer This is about girl whose is from England and he likes and always talked and in his mind and she is said later talking about wine and beds. She likes

perfumes. She is really angry. She is a tough girl but she is pretty.

"Lines Written in Kensington Gardens"

What does Arnold contrast the Gardens with? What does the scene afford Arnold? Are we seeing shades of Wordsworth here?

Answer Arnold is contrasting garden with a child. He can afford the happiness and calm, which comes from garden and child. Yes we are seeing shades of

Wodsworth here.

17. Alfred, Lord Tennyson

"Ulysses"

How old is Ulysses? What is his main complaint? Does he appreciate his son? Does he admire his son? What does Ulysses want to do? What is the arch referred to in the poem? Is he being realistic? How is this poem typically "Victorian"?

Answer He is very old. Yes he loves his son and appreciates him. Yes he does admire his son. He wants to do some noble writing. I think yes he is being

realistic.

"The Eagle"

Don't go into overdrive looking for thematic concerns. Appreciate the poetic image.

Answer I really did not understand what this poem is about. I think the author is lonely an opens a bottle or liquor and sits lonely and watch the world. When he has wrinkled still he is alone and waiting for rain to come.

"The Woman's Cause Is Man's"

Why should men help women? How does Tennyson view the way women were treated in the past? When will the "crowning race of humankind come? What is the woman's response to the man's ideas of equality?

Answer I think because women are not as strong as men so they always need some sport from men. Women in past were treed weaker then man and humankind should help them to get equality.

18. Robert Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning

"My Last Duchess"

Who is speaking and to whom is he speaking? What happened to the Last Duchess? What bothered the Duke about the way the Duchess thanked others for their gifts? What kind of gifts did she appreciate? How is the final image a metaphor for the Duke and his late Duchess?

Answer In this poem the speaker, the duke of Ferrara, is addressing a second character, an agent of unnamed. Duke was bothered the way the Duchess thanked others for their gifts was full luster. I think she appreciate gifts with thanks.

"How Do I Love Thee"

How is this sonnet similar to Shakespeare's sonnets? How is it different?

Answer This sonnet is similar to Shakespeare's sonnets for love to be not just physical looks, but more than that from soul and heart. It is different where other says the love to be more storage even after death.

0. George Orwell

"Shooting an Elephant"

How does the narrator feel about the Burmese? Why must he initially shoot the elephant? Why does he finally shoot the elephant? What two statements in the final paragraph summarize the thematic concerns of the essay?

Answer The narrator hates large amount of Burmese. Because the people were saying the elephant has gone mad. I think he did not shoot the elephant.

Killing an animal should be only done when it require to save human life other wise it should be avoided.

1. William Butler Yeats

"The Lake Isle of Innisfree"

Why does the narrator want to go to Innisfree? Connect this poem to Wordsworth's major theme.

Answer The narrator wants to go to Innisfree to get some peace, happiness and wants to enjoy the Mother Nature.

"The Second Coming"

Explain the falcon metaphor. Explain what it means if the center cannot hold. What happened 0 centuries ago? What is Yeats' vision of the world?

Answer The falcon metaphor means that all things are falling apart. I think the meaning of center cannot hold is that nothing is able to keep the world together. Twenty centuries ago this nightmare was broken and everything started coming together because Bethlehem was born.

"Leda and the Swan"

What does Zeus represent? What does the swan represent? Why is the beak indifferent? What is the implication of the broken wall and burning roof? Go beyond the Helen of Troy allusion to what it implies about all procreation.

Answer In this particular instance, Zeus takes the form of a swan and then is held by Leda, the queen of Sparta, in her cloak. Helen of Tory leads to unfolding history or events as they take place and have no control over them or not.

. T.S. Eliot

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

Who is the narrator talking to and where are they going? What will there be time for? What does the question, how should I presume? Tell you about the narrator? Why is the sentence, which is not what I meant repeated? What do mermaids represent? Why won't the narrator hear them?

Answer the narrator is talking to you; they and I

are going Half- deserted streets. It is evening time. He is also talking about spending night in the hotel, eating out, and more of romantic feelings.

. Virginia Woolf

"Professions for Women"

Why was witting an easy profession to go into for wolf? Why doesn't wolf consider herself a typical working woman? Who is the angel in the house? After

a female writer has killed the angel, what is the second major obstacle that she must face?

Answer she shows how women struggle in society. Women are held back from expressing their true selves. Women only sit home and take care of the home or kids and get noting out of doing this. The cat is the angle of the house.

5. James Joyce

"Araby"

Where is the narrator's home located and how is this significant? What is the symbolic impact of the priest? The school? The garden? The romance novels?

What kind of journey is the young boy going on? Does he succeed? Why or why not?

Answer The narrator's home is located at North Richmond Street being blind and quite except when the boys from the Christian Brothers School are set free.

It is very significantly explained where and what is the atmosphere around the place he lived. I think he did succeed because he was one of the people who like to explore play around and live with things. I think his journey is wonderful because at least he is able to have different experiment and adventure in his life.

Please note that this sample paper on george orwell is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on george orwell, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essayon george orwell will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Healthy Eating for a Lifetime

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Healthy Eating for a Lifetime

I will be talking about variety, balance and moderation in maintaining a healthy eating plan. A healthy diet includes all foods. Variety is important because no one food can provide all the nutrients the body needs for optimal health. Try new foods to tantalize your taste buds and vary your nutrient intake.

We can make many possible choices within each food group. Choices may be made to accentuate specific needs like fiber. For example, in the protein-rich meat group, beans are a low fat, high fiber option compared to ground beef. In the fruit group, whole fruit is usually a higher fiber choice than fruit juice.

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Foods containing important nutrients can help us prevent disease and even restore our health. Striking a balance between foods that promote health and those that may be risky is important for long term well being. Choose foods that are better for your health more often.

Without a doubt, fats and cholesterol are the single most important group of nutrients to limit in your diet if you want to reduce your risk of chronic disease. Heart disease and cancer, two of this nations leading killers, are linked to diets high in fat. Other chronic health problems may be exacerbated by high fat diets. Saturated fat, that is, fat that is solid at room temperature, appears to carry the greatest amount of risk.

Alcohol is not pictured on the food pyramid, but if it were it would be in the tip of the pyramid. Alcohol has only empty calories in the way that sugar and most fats do. Pregnant women should avoid alcohol beverages.

Foods and beverages that are less nutritious do not have to be eliminated but they should be consumed in moderation - saved for special occasions. Making healthy food choices can be the difference between health and disease.

You should know how many serving you need each day. The number of servings needed each day depends on age, gender and activity level. This shows the range of appropriate servings

Grains6-11 servings

Vegetables-5 servings

Fruits-4 servings

Dairy- servings

Protein- servings

And here are some examples of adults serving sizes

Grains1 slice bread, ½ small bagel, about 1 cup ready to eat cereal flakes, ½ cup cooked cereal, rice or pasta

Vegetables1 cup raw leafy greens, ½ cup other vegetables -- raw or cooked, ¾ cup vegetable juice

Fruits1 medium apple, banana, orange, pear; ½ cup chopped, cooked or canned fruit, ¼ dried fruit like raisins, ¾ cup 100% fruit juice

Milk, Yogurt, Cheese1 cup milk or yogurt, 1 ½ ounce natural or ounces processed cheese, 1 cup soy beverage with added calcium

Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dried Beans, Eggs, and Nuts- ounces of cooked lean meat, poultry or fish, 1 cup cooked dry beans or ½ cup tofu counts as ounce of lean meat, ½ ounce soy burger or 1 egg counts as 1 ounce lean meat, tablespoons of peanut butter or 1/ cup nuts counts as 1 ounce of meat

Last thing to say is that what we choose to eat can have a direct affect on our ability to enjoy life to its fullest. This is true for everyone, despite his or her age and current health. Our food choices play a major role in

promoting and maintaining good health;

promoting growth in infants, children and adolescents;

preventing some chronic diseases (like heart disease and diabetes) and treating others; and,

Speeding recovery from injuries and surgery.

If you cant function in the morning without gallons of coffee and you run out of gas every afternoon, then this energy-boosting food plan is for you.

With this diet plan, instead of relying on caffeine or a trip to the vending machine for a fleeting burst of artificial energy, you choose healthy foods to rev up your engine. Heres how the Energy Booster Diet will keep you energized all day long

• the right combination of carbohydrates, protein and fat eaten at regular intervals will help keep energy levels high. This diet includes balanced meals designed to boost your energy throughout the day.

• eating healthy snacks will help keep your blood-sugar levels even so that you dont have energy highs and lows. This meal plan includes tasty food suggestions to eat every three to four hours to keep your energy level from falling.

• not drinking enough liquids can cause you to feel fatigued due to dehydration. Thats why this diet includes fruit juices and skimmed milk with every meal choice, rather than ultra-sugary sodas or sweetened beverages that can cause energy lows.

• eating fried or fatty foods can make you feel sluggish. This food plan emphasizes natural, unprocessed foods like fruits and vegetables that wont slow you down. For your breakfast you can eat -egg omelet made with low-fat cheese, chopped veggies and low-fat ham or turkey - 1 slice wholegrain toast topped with fruit spread

Small cup grapefruit juice. And your lunch could be Grilled chicken sandwich on wholegrain bread - half cup sliced tomatoes - 1 large orange - 1 glass skimmed milk. And for your dinner 75g fillet of sole - 1 baked potato topped with low-fat sour cream or plain yoghurt - 50g steamed broccoli

Sliced peaches - Glass skimmed milk.

By now I think you had a good idea about how to maintain a

healthy eating plan for a lifetime.

Please note that this sample paper on Healthy Eating for a Lifetime is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Healthy Eating for a Lifetime, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essayon Healthy Eating for a Lifetime will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Social Change in America

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While overlooking this chapter the main focus would be the rise and the fall of community service involvement in the 0th century. As we seen during the earlier part of the century many people where more involved and interactive with politics, religion and community. But over the past few decades we have neglected our community and service in our community. In response to this chapter, the idea that every American is moving away from community and more involved in self is absolutely right. How many people do we see picketing in front of City Hall anymore in the act of standing up for our rights? To many Americans are allowing our country to be run by the upper class of politicians in hope that they do not call upon them, due to the fact that they are to busy involved in themselves.

As we look back to the 160's, voting became more popular and the member ship in church became strong. In my opinion, the coming of age audits have not faced any tragedy in which we as peers have had to stand up for what we believe in. The Civil Rights Movement and much other movement that went on during the sixties are no longer an issues and are looked upon as being in the past. In this chapter it mentioned, "77% said the nation was worse off because of "less involvement in community activities". As we all know that this has a great deal to do with the fact that more wives are entering the workplace now more than ever, along with many other reasons that deal with people and their jobs. Such as the time spent going to and from work, etc.

In dealing with the community that means that we are taking away from involving oneself in individual activities. Like watching television in which most American cannot live without. American have become so accustomed to put themselves in only situations that will better them or allow them to become richer that we fail to realize that we have to live within a community. And our community is a direct reflection of ourselves. People tend to be judged based on the nature in which they live. By getting involved in the community and in the church will help not only ones surroundings but will build the foundation for a more aware and safer environment for the people around you. I have also realized that many college students in society today are becoming less involved with politics and the community due to individual engagements such as studying, work, or either private organizations in which they might be involved. In conclusion, in order to increase social involvement we must first find a common interest. Whether it is church, or other activities that promote civil engagement. As a nation we have to get away from being materialistic and become more spiritualist in the idea of family and community.

Please note that this sample paper on Social Change in America is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Social Change in America, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Social Change in America will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Electronic Commerce

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INTRODUCTION

Kaiser Permanente began humbly with a single good intentioned surgeon who aspired to provide medical care for a population of the working class. The reality of economics quickly augmented the plan of practicing medicine when debts were not covered by the doctor due to lack of insurance by his patients. The creativity of developing a prepaid healthcare plan foreshadowed the future of today's HMO's. Kaiser is the leading service provider in the country for healthcare coverage with nearly nine million subscribers. Political reform and patient outcry of unfair coverage practices have transforming the operations of HMO's today from their origins. Electronic commerce has integrated into the business world and must be embraced to survive competitive external forces. Kaiser was successful in their EC implementation through interfacing with their consumers regarding healthcare coverage information. Technological advances were embraced through strategic planning and integrated into the business model to advocate customer satisfaction and retention. Physician interaction with new EC technology has been successful within the Kaiser group where resistance has surfaced in other organizations.

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HISTORY OF HEALTH MAINTIENCE ORGANIZATIONS AND KAISER PERMANENTE

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Kaiser Permanente's origin was during the great depression when Dr. Sidney Garfield established a prepaid health plan for construction workers assembling the Los Angeles aqueduct in the Mojave dessert. Dr. Garfield built Contractors General Hospital near Desert Center, California where he was oriented to patients without insurance and those with insurance had lengthy reimbursement periods. Since many patients were being treated without payments to the hospital, a program was devised for insurance companies to pay the doctor a fixed amount for each worker per day in advance. This prepayment coverage enrolled many workers and brought salvation to the hospital financial concerns. The project was completed and another construction site was identified as having the same problem by Henry Kaiser at the Grand Coulee Dam. Dr. Garfield recruited a team of physicians and solved this problem with the first prepaid group practice for over 7000 people. This project led into the next challenge which was the influx of shipyard workers into Richmond, California for World War II ship production. The number of people to be covered with this plan would be approximately 0,000. In 145, the end of the war brought the current phase of prepaid healthcare we are familiar with today, the publicly available Permanente Health Plan. Kaiser Permanente is Americas largest not-for-profit health care organization which maintains a membership of 8.1 million members in states. "An integrated health delivery system, Kaiser Permanente organizes and provides or coordinates members care, including preventive care such as well-baby and prenatal

care, immunizations, and screening diagnostics; hospital and medical services; and

pharmacy services. Social benefit activities include assistance to the uninsured and special populations; training new health professionals; introducing new delivery and financing methods into the health care arena at large; and through our clinical research efforts, developing and sharing better ways to care for patients." (www.kaiserpermanente.org).

Patient demands and political pressures on HMO's

Government regulations in the health care industry and the emergence of the HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) were precursors in the Kaiser's decision to implement changes in their organization. In 18, a total of $88 million in lost revenue also fueled the changes to a new platform. Kaiser moved away from the traditional method of business communications via paper, telephones, and faxes. The new web based systems that would be implemented would require a $ billion dollar investment to commit to the EC platform (Turban, 00).

With escalating costs in the Medicaid and Medicare programs, Congress looked to HMO's for assistance in 17 when the HMO Act which offered government subsidies to HMO's and gave nonlicensed HMO executives the power to challenge the medical judgment of licensed physicians. The Act also mandated that all businesses with more than 5 employees offer HMO's as a health care option which employers had previously avoided because of increased operation costs. Congress began allowing states to filter

Medicaid recipients into managed care programs whether they wanted to or not through

Medicaid Section 1115 waivers in the early 180's. The Department of Health and Human Services points out that this violates federal Medicaid law which prohibits limits on treatment or choice of doctor. Congress repealed the employer mandate in 15 but the HMO's had established their positions by that time in the market. Health Resources and Services Administration reports that working Americans enrolled with managed care insurance increased from 188 with % to 17 with 50%. Citizens' Council on Health Care states that "By mandating managed care for some patient groups, and by passing legislation allowing HMOs to deny care, the government has assured maximum profit for HMOs, with little risk. Public officials profit politically by promising free health care. Managed care allows politicians to promise health care without actually guaranteeing access to it." (Intellectual Ammunition, 18).

Patient's voices regarding HMO's were heard by the government in the late 10's. Patients were often being denied coverage after their HMO has approved the costly medical procedure. New regulations designed to prevent HMOs from backing out at the last minute and leave consumers to pay the bill were enacted. If a case arose where a HMO would refuse to offer medical coverage, the new rules give the insurance department the power to order the HMO to provide the care, after reviewing the patients case (Patel, 17).

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On February 8, 000, HMO executives met in Dallas, Texas to discuss possible methods of improving their image with the public. "United Health Group, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, and Humana, pushed for industry wide structural changes that would restore to physicians the power to make treatment decisions without being second-guessed by managed-care administrators. Such a move would require a radical shift in the business practice of most HMO's. It would also confer industry leadership to United Health and Kaiser, which already give doctors exclusive authority to make treatment decisions for patients covered by their plans. The HMO industry has been assaulted on all fronts by lawsuits over treatment decisions, criticism of their business practices, and investor discontent. An HMO reform bill with a limited right to sue that was stalled in Congress for three years had passed both the House and Senate and was in a conference committee awaiting final congressional approval. But the sharpest spur to action for the HMO's is their languishing stock values, which continue to droop despite double-digit increases in the insurance premiums many HMO's charge their customers." (Eliopoulos, 000). Numerous companies invested countless dollars into campaigning for the public's approval. This would not become a reality for the HMO's as they were under fire from consumers, healthcare workers and the government.

According to a news report in September of 000, the 104,000 workers of the Marriott hotel chain have paid 1% premium rate increases for the last two years without any change in the services provided. Brendan Keegan, Marriots vice president of Human Resources stated In the last couple of years they (HMO premiums) have risen quite

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dramatically compared to the previous years." Marriott's employees are currently

switching their coverage from a HMO to a PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) which is also a network of physicians who offer discounted rates without second-guessing of the physician by the insurance clerks. Keegan also states that Right now we believe that the PPO provides a better, greater cost effectiveness and higher quality." (Andrews, 000). This was the emergence of the PPO's which would compete with the established HMO's.

Kaiser Permanente implements EC

Kaiser utilized an electronic commerce platform to set up a comprehensive web site designed to facilitate information between consumers and their organization. Information included on the site is related to individual and group healthcare coverage quotes, benefits, co-pays, enrollment, qualification, locating facilities and physicians, and contact numbers. Kaiser was recognized for achieving the top producing broker status of small business group plans in California in 000, 001, and 00. The shift from utilizing staff to answer phone call banks concerning coverage to the web based quote and service format has increased productivity and revenue for the organization (www.kaiserpermanente.org, 00).

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CHALLENGES WORKING WITH PHYSICIANS

Kaiser Permanente actively recruits and caters to physician needs and professional standards. There are over 11,000 members on staff which operate in multi-specialty teams to deliver quality care (http//physiciancareers.kp.org/aboutpf.htm, 00). This tailoring to the physicians yields higher job satisfaction rates and cooperation with industry trends and organizational goals.

Physicians, as with most people, are not receptive to being dictated or coerced. The favored method of having someone conform to a change within an organization is to have them "buy into" the changes. An example of this could be demonstrating the benefits or reduced work load by utilizing the proposed operational changes. One form of streamlining business is computerized applications such as accessing medical related data through handheld computers. The Handspring Visor has the capability to run software from Franklin Electronic Publishers, Inc. such as The Physicians Desk Reference, The Medical Letters Handbook of Adverse Drug Interactions, McGraw-Hills Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine Companion Handbook, and The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics (Winsky, 001). In addition to referencing text style information, the physicians could also participate in development of a computer based medical record retrieval system such as the Meditech Physician Website which is maintained specifically for physicians using their Health Care Information System. The site was designed to disperse knowledge of clinical systems, facilitate dialogue regarding clinical systems use and development, and promote physician involvement with clinical systems application

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within an institution. (www.meditech.com, 00). Another computerized medical record system has been designed by Clinicare. Their computerized medical record application allows a physician to quickly access a patient's record and view data related to each encounter. The record can be simultaneously accessed from any number of terminals which is more fluid than the previous SQL data base software that locked out the record when it was accessed at a single point. This feature allows multiple healthcare staff members to view information in real time. The software has several valuable functions such as user definable encounter forms, search & select capabilities, editing of records, audit controls, patient profiling, detailed or summary listings, scheduling capabilities, report generators, and tracking for lab results (www.clinicare.com, 00). These capabilities are not merely a matter of convenience for physicians; these functions can increase productivity and save revenue and valuable time.

Establishing physician patient relationships are critical to ensuring an ongoing quality healthcare continuum for the patient's well being. Studies by Beth Israel Hospital in Boston have shown that patient's desire an understanding of their condition, ongoing personal relationships with their physician, and knowledge of the effects of the disease on their lives (Mgebroff, 18). This fiduciary relationship evolved from the patient's dependence on the physician and his or her medical knowledge. There is currently a shift from this model towards a sharing of responsibility for decision making with the patient (www.medceu.com, 00). Patients are increasingly becoming involved with weighing the risks of treatments and alternative modalities through internet education and informed

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consent. Some patients are even meeting with their physicians in cyberspace for their

appointments where they can discuss treatments, review test results, and receive commentary from their personal physicians (Monnich, 001). It is estimated that 70 million Americans have used the internet to acquire health-related information (Anderson, 00). With the face of patient physician interaction constantly changing due to the adaptation of internet information technology; there are problems associated with professional resistance to the potential of the internet. Having a computer screen in an examination room may increase a physician's productivity and improve patient interaction in two methods. The first benefit is the demonstration of the physician's ongoing knowledge of current technology through the presence of the computer screen. The second benefit realized by the physician is the utilization of computerized technology for patient information and teaching. This technology yields increased confidence by the patient in their physician and a better grasp of concepts concerning their disease process and prognosis.

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE APPLICATIONS

Kaiser implemented Business to Business (BB), Business to Consumer (BC), and Consumer to Business (CB) applications within their electronic commerce platform. BB was utilized in setting up web sites for each organization that Kaiser held a contract with and the origination of an expedited shipping service to reduce inventory and storage costs. BC functions were formatted to allow consumers to receive real time pricing quotes and scheduling of their physician appointments. The intranet functions serviced the internal employees efficiently by allowing them to expedite their workload. Examples of this are ordering supplies, equipment and services and accessing pricing options for customers seeking healthcare coverage. Digitized versions of patient medical records and lab reports are accessible easily and accurately to practitioners and clinicians. One of the most important applications within the intranet is the ability to check for possible drug interactions and to suggest cost sensitive alternative medications is applicable. An example of CB could be considered within the nature of physician-hospital relationships. Since physicians are customers to hospitals they practice for, their utilization of hospital based computerized systems for medical records or pharmacy related issues would fall under the CB category.

Supply chain management integrates the business processes from the suppliers to the end users of a system. Kaiser implemented a platform of allowing the customers, or end users, to access and manipulate data concerning their healthcare policies through EC venues. By placing an interface between the customer and Kaiser, a streamlined effect of

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delivering services and information occurred. Actual manning of the phones could be decreased by Kaiser due to the efficiency of the EC system for handling customer interaction.

Other EC applications that reduce costs and unnecessary steps are in the pharmacy and medical records departments. Meditech is a forerunner in Health Care Information Systems (HCIS). Their systems operate on a Windows based client server platform and also have the option of running on their own developed MAGIC Operating System. These software applications offer numerous services such as patient registration and appointment scheduling, authorization and referral management, billing and accounts receivable, revenue management, patient care management, computerized medical records, order entry systems, medication verification for pharmacy services, patient education, imaging, laboratory, data archiving, and staff intranet communication systems (www.meditech.com, 00). The ability to rapidly access patient medical records and identify potential harmful drug interactions is two areas that can increase consumer satisfaction for the healthcare industry. Utilizing EC tools which allow the medical record and pharmacy departments to interact with the staff will not only expedite customer services but also relieve staff of a portion of their workload.

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CONCLUSION

Kaiser utilized an electronic commerce platform to set up a comprehensive web site designed to facilitate information between consumers and their organization. Information included on the site is related to individual and group healthcare coverage quotes, benefits, co-pays, enrollment, qualification, locating facilities and physicians, and contact numbers. The shift from utilizing staff to answer phone call banks concerning coverage to the web based quote and service format has increased productivity and revenue for the organization creating a competitive edge over competing industry participants. Kaiser also implemented Business to Business (BB), Business to Consumer (BC), and Consumer to Business (CB) applications within their electronic commerce platform. Creation of BB web sites for each organization that Kaiser held a contract with and the origination of an expedited shipping service reduced inventory and storage costs. BC functions were formatted to allow consumers to receive real time pricing quotes and scheduling of their physician appointments. This supply chain management platform allowed the customers, or end users, to access and manipulate data concerning their healthcare policies through EC venues. By placing an interface between the customer and Kaiser, a streamlined effect of delivering services and information occurred. Actual manning of the phones could be decreased by Kaiser due to the efficiency of the EC system for handling customer interaction. The intranet functions serviced the internal employees, including physicians, efficiently by allowing them to expedite their workload. These EC implementations by Kaiser aids in maintaining their leadership position within the healthcare industry as the number one HMO provider in America.

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REFERNECES

Anderson, J. (00). The Impact of CyberHealthcare on the Physician-Patient

Relationship. Retrieved July , 00 from http//www.yi.com/home/EysenbachGunther/publications/00/andersoneysenbach00-jmedsyst-cyberhealthcare.pdf

Andrews, W. (000). HMO Costs Burgeoning. Retrieved July 18, 00 from

http//www.cbsnews.com/stories/00/01/1/health/main6656

Clinicare. (00). Retrieved July 4, 00 from www.clinicare.com

Eliopoulos, P. (000). HMO Execs Debate How to Heal Their Image -- and Industry.

Retrieved July 5, 00 from http//www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/feb000/nf0008d.htm

Intellectual Ammunition. (18). HMOs Rise Driven by Government, Not Market.

Retrieved July , 00 from http//www.cchc-mn.org/issues/hmorise.php

Kaiser Permanente. (00). Retrieved July 0, 00 from www.kaiserpermanente.org

Kaiser Permanente. (00). Retrieved July 0, 00 from

http//www.kaiserpermanente.org/newsroom/history.html

Meditech. (00). Retrieved July 4, 00 from

http//www.meditech.com/PublicRelations/product.htm

Medceu. (00). Physician-Patient Relationship. Retrieved July 6, 00 from

http//www.medceu.com/tests/physicianpatient.htm

Mgebroff, A. (18). The Physician-Patient Relationship -- Perspectives After 40 Years

of Family Practice. Retrieved July 6, 00 from

http//www.familypractice.com/journal/abfpjournal_frame.htm?main=/journal/18/v11.n05/1105.1/art-1105.1.htm

Monnich, B. (001). Bringing order to cybermedicine Applying the corporate practice of

medicine doctrine to tame the wild wild web. Retrieved July 5, 00 from

http//www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bclawr/4_/06_FMS.htm

Patel, B. (17). New HMO regulations give more protection to patients. July 6, 00

from http//www.mdn.org/17/STORIES/MC.HTM

Physician Careers. (00). Retrieved July 7, 00 from

http//physiciancareers.kp.org/aboutpf.htm

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Turban, E. (00). Electronic Commerce 00 (nd ed.). New Jersey Pearson Education

Winsky, G. (001). Franklin Adds Three Leading Medical Reference Works for the

Handspring Visor. Retrieved July , 00 from http//www.handspring.com/company/pr/pr_franklin.jhtml

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