Nature vs Nurture

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Nature vs. Nurture

Shaping Human Behavior

The debate between those who believe human beings are born with certain innate qualities and those who believe we are the product of our environment (Nature vs. Nurture) has raged for centuries. For the better part of the 0th century, most literature supported the nurture side of the debate. Advocates of the 'nurture' theory emphasize the important role played by acquired and learned behavior from the environment. In support of this theory are several experiments such as Marler's work on the development of bird song, which showed that within the same species of white crowned sparrows, there are regional variations in bird song (Halliday & Slater, 18).

This paper will look at how the knowledge of the field of genetics has caused the pendulum to swing back in the opposite direction (e.g. Matt Ridley, 00). In "Nature via Nurture Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human" Ridley presents overwhelming new evidence to support the influences of both heredity and environment on the personality, potential, and achievements of every unique person. Backed by wide-ranging research from respected geneticists and empiricists alike, Ridley liberates genes from their role as puppet masters to recast them as both cause and consequence

References

Ridley, Matt (00). Nature via Nurture Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human HarperCollins Publishers

However, these arent great enough reasons to eschew the responsibility that every person has for his or her actions. The fact is, no one can force you to do anything. Yes, you can be forced to do things in physical sense, but no one can force your mind. In desperate, insane situations, people can break down trying to fight against overwhelming mental opposition, but, in most cases, everyone has potentially a clean chance to break away from their problems. The person that doesnt take that chance, the person that continues to hurt himself or herself and others, or to let themselves be hurt, is a person who has willfully engaged in destructive behavior. Its sad to see people get mired down in a terrible situation, and it can be terribly hard to get out of it. But escape it they must.

Ultimately, each of us has to make a decision. Am I going to wallow in self-pity, blame everyone and everything but myself, and allow my past to dictate my future, or am I going to face my problems, accept the fact that I can and must change my attitudes and actions, and embrace the idea of a better life for myself and the people around me? People make mistakes, and people can be forgiven, but only when they are truly willing to be forgiven. As long as someone thinks their problems are simply because of society or genetics, rather than a result of their inability to overcome their lifes experiences, then theyll continue to be a victim and will never be able to stop their addictions, cure their mental illnesses, or leave devastating relationships.

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Analyzation of a Poem

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Poem Analyzed Niggerlips, by Martin Espada

Upon simply glancing at the title of the poem, intrigue immediately draws the prospective reader into reading it and in my case, analyzing it. Fortunately for me, I was not disappointed with my selection. This poem illuminates the hardships and mental anguish suffered by black people more specifically, the author, his father, and great-grandfather at the hands of whites. Martin Espada first describes being called "niggerlips" in high school by his peers, then goes on to describe how his great-grandfather was kept a secret by the family due to their shame of his "blackness." Finally, the author describes his fathers struggle for acceptance not only from his peers, but also within himself. The descriptions of the difficulties faced by both the great-grandfather and father seem to exemplify the "tragic view of the mulatto," in which they both experienced an innate feeling of not belonging to either white or black culture, thus facilitating a damaged psyche.

This content of Espada's poem is further enhanced by the way he uses language. Upon completion of my analysis, I thought of the author as a chef who sprinkles just the right amount of various ingredients (in this case, elements of craft) into his dish, with the finished product coming out just right. Espada does not saturate his poem with different aspects of language, but incorporates enough, all seemingly in the perfect places, to maximize the effectiveness of his writing. In short, he packs a lot of punch into not a lot of writing. The diction is low throughout, as he keeps his word choice direct and simple, yet very concrete. While staying concise, the poem surprisingly provides stunning imagery. This is especially apparent throughout the entire first two stanzas. With the poem being only three stanzas long ten, seven, and twelve lines in length, respectively Espada was very crafty with his inclusion of detail, putting in the proper amount to enhance the imagery, but not cause the poem to become overly prosy. He even manages to incorporate metaphor, simile, and synesthesia into his poem, which also surprised me due to the low diction and simplistic voice in which it was written. The metaphor comes at the end of the poem, with his family saying his father "is still a fly in milk." In the middle of the poem is the simile, in the form of "to scare niggers like crows off a tree." Finally, seven lines into the poem is the synesthesia, where he writes "grinned deliciously."

Even more amazing than the numerous types of language used in Espada's succinct, yet effective poem is how it is structured. For starters, I failed to pick up on any kind of consistent rhythm within the poem. The overall pace is a little quicker than a normal poem because of how concise it is. Espada did not incorporate a lot of rhyme into his poem either. The type of rhyme that is most prevalent in his piece is off rhyme. We see this at least once in each stanza, and multiple times in the last. By using off rhyme as his means of rhyming, Espada does not completely abandon an intricate part of the poem, but at the same time he avoids making it less effective through shifting the readers focus from the more important content to the less important rhyme scheme. In fact, such off rhymes as "classrooms/tattoos," "green/grinned," "tree/he'd," and "still/milk" are not only structurally sound, but cleverly and intentionally placed. The pace of Espada's poem is very much dictated by the syntax and line breaks. Word order and sentence structure is for the most part normal, but there are areas in which they, along with the line breaks, place emphasis on key parts of the poem. We see this initially through the enjambment in line one of the first stanza, in which the words "for me" are taken from the first sentence and placed alone in line two as an end stop. This line break puts focuse on the writer and the fact that he is being called "niggerlips." Another area that illuminates this is in the second stanza, where the fifth line, "to scare niggers," is obviously placed alone to show its emphasis. In addition to this, syntax and line breaks display how the poem should be read. Enjambment and end stops, along with caesuras, are all used in the poem to guide the reader. The separation of stanzas within Espada's poem shows not only a shift from one part of his "story" to the next, but also a shift from one generations story to the next. The authors' hardships are the focus of the first stanza, while the second stanza serves as a sort of confirmation to the issues/focus within the poem. Interestingly, the third stanza goes backwards in a sense, all the way back to the authors great-grandfather, then proceeding to his father; almost as if the author chopped the first two stanzas off the end of the poem and placed them at the beginning.

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Focusing even more on the internal rhyme within Espada's poem, the heavy use of assonance, repetition, alliteration, and anaphora arguably constitute the second most important element of the poem, next to its content. Multiple instances of assonance occur throughout the poem, "school/tattoos," and "each/green" to name a few, that illuminate the formation of a partial rhyme by using identical vowel sounds. Repetition occurs only a few times, and it's mostly through common words such as "the," "my," and "family." Alliteration is probably most prevalent throughout the poem, as Espada repeats the initial consonant sound of words multiple times "called/car," forearm/faces," and "stubborn/still" are only a few examples of such. Lastly, anaphora only happens once in the poem, in the second stanza, and it is used to emphasize the importance of those two lines within the stanza.

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Classical Economy

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Classical theory assumes the existence of a perfectly competitive market. Extensive competition between buyers and sellers creates an equilibrium market condition. With the economy in an equilibrium, the equilibrium price ensures quantities supplied equals quantities demanded. So, in the classical view, there can be no persisting shortages or surpluses. The equilibrium price and quantity can change only if the numerical value of one or more of the determinants of aggregate supply and or/aggregate demanded. So, in the classical view, there can be no persisting shortages or surpluses. The equilibrium price and quantity can change only if the numerical value of one or more of the determinants of aggregate supply and or/aggregate demand change. Should aggregate supply and or/aggregate demand shift there may briefly be a shortage a surplus.

This temporary disequilibrium condition will cause the price to adjust up or down to eliminate the shortage or surplus. Two important characteristics of the classical economy must be; If supply or demand for labor changes, a temporary surplus or shortage will exist. But when the wage rises or falls, the surplus or shortage will be automatically eliminated. Next, resource markets determine the location of the production possibility curve and the full employment level of output. With all available resources employment automatically, the economy will automatically operate on the production possibly curve. The PP curve can shift outward (growth) only if the economy secures more resources, better quality or improved. When the economy operating on the PP curve, the economy is said to be operating at full employment output.

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Jane Eyre - Silent Cry

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Society today is the battle of the sexes, men and women competing daily to feel important. In life the feeling of importance can be threatening for even the strongest individual, no matter your sex or race. In the novel "Wide Sargasso Sea" this is precisely the case. Antoinette, the main character, is heavily overcastted by threat. She encounters this threat when she is searching for the proper form of recognition from society, from her own family, and eventually from her husband Mr. Rochester.

From the time Antoinette was a child she struggled with being properly recognized in society. Antoinette "One day was followed by a little girl singing, 'Go away white cockroach, go way, go away'. Nobody want you. Go away" (). The outside world was a threat to Antoinette, an area that she was almost afraid to navigate. Antoinette and her family were viewed as outsiders, white cockroaches, which further limited Antoinette's interaction with society . Her only true companions in her life were her mother, Pierre, Christophine, Godfrey, and Sass. At one point Antoinette had thought she had made a dear friend Tia, who eventually only betrayed Antoinette. Antoinette's friendship with Tia, stripped Antoinette of any hope that she may be equally accepted in society, Antoinette's character only became weaker. Soon Antoinette's only connection to the outside world was spending time in the family garden. Antoinette would "watch the red and yellow flowers in the sun thinking of nothing, it was as if a door opened and I was somewhere else, something else. Not myself any longer" (8).The garden became the only area of society that Antoinette trusted, a place that took her away from all of her struggles with society. As time went by though Antoinette watched the garden, a one time a prized possession, grow wild, "The paths were overgrown and a smell of dead flowers mixed with the fresh living smell" (1). Antoinette began to view the garden as she viewed society "All of Coulibri Estate has gone wild like the garden, gone to bush" (1). This eventually forced Antoinette to no longer have connections with the outside world, her only connections were within the home she had been raised. This was the only place that Antoinette truly felt safe, the only thing she trusted and the only time she did not feel threatened from the outside world.

As she grew into a young women however, this struggle only became more difficult for Antoinette. Her life went from not being properly recognized by society, to not even being properly recognized by her own family. The home that Antoinette once viewed as safe, the place she trusted and the only place she did not feel threatened from the outside world, changed as quickly as the garden had grown wild. Antoinette watched "The house was burning, the yellow-red sky was like a sunset and I knew I would never see Coulibri again" (44). Antoinette knew that "When they had finished, there would be nothing left but blackened walls and the mounting stone" (45). The blackened walls and the mounting stone was now all Antoinette truly had to hold onto, that could never be stolen or burned. The fire changed Antoinette's life drastically. When the house burned down, so did the recognition that Antoinette once received from her family. The fire destroyed what was left of the family, it forced her mother to become insane, which forced Mr. Mason, her husband to reject everthing that was left. The fire had taken both Pierre and the parrots life. The only people left in Antoinette's life, was her Aunt Cora and Christophine whom was helping her aunt take care of Antoinette. However, her aunt eventually also rejects Antoinette when she sent Antoinette away, leaving her to be raised by strangers in a convict. This form of rejection not only left Antoinette feeling threatened by society, but also left her feeling threatened because her own family had now rejected her.

Antoinette was now only left with the hope of a changed future, the hope that she would eventually find the recognition from society that she had long been searching for, and the hope that she could conquer her previous experiences which had once threatened her. Antoinette eventually marries a man by the name of Mr. Rochester. She sees Mr. Rochester as being an escape from the past and a chance for a profound future. However, Antoinette finds out that her past is not something that she can leave behind, it is a past that will endlessly haunt her. She turns to the only past that she has held onto Christophine for advice "Christophine, he does not love me, I think he hates me" (10). Antoinette recognizes here that Mr. Rochester is believing what people have told him about her past, over what Antoinette had told him herself. Mr. Rochester soon relates to Antoinate as being insane, insane like he has heard stories about her deceased mother. Antoinette soon realizes that she will never achieve the recognition she has been long searching for from society or from those that she tries to love. Antoinette again becomes threatned by these forms of rejection, and soon accepts the life that has been made for her, a life lived as an insane women known as "Bertha".

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Throughout the entire story Antoinette is fighting for recognition in society, recognition from her family and even for recognition from her husband Mr. Rochester. Antoinette never is able to achieve recognition, because she easily allows herself to become threatened. Had Antoinette's character been a little stronger, facing those fears, until she had proven them wrong, Antoinette's life would have been drastically different. Antoinette was not insane like her mother, she was forced to become insane because that is what she had been labeled and she was to threatened to prove otherwise.

Please note that this sample paper on Jane Eyre - Silent Cry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jane Eyre - Silent Cry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Jane Eyre - Silent Cry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cause and effect essay topic

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What America Means to Me

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America is a wonderful place to live because we are free. Freedom is important, and many people in other countries do not have much freedom. I am glad I have a place like this to grow up in, where I know that I can be equal with other races and other genders. Also, I am glad I have a place like this that will respect me, and I know it will be a great place to have my children grow up in. Some of our ancestors did not have the privileges we have now because they grew up in other countries that controlled their religion, who they married, and almost everything else in their lives. That may be one of the reasons they moved to America in the first place. For example, some of my ancestors came to America to get away from the terrible society they were in. I am very grateful for our country, and all of the privileges I have growing up here. In many countries, I wouldn't be able to get the education that is available to me, and I wouldn't get many of the rights I have because I am a woman.

Womens rights have been a major issue in the past, in our country and especially in some other countries, where women must walk around completely covered or they are arrested. In America, even though we had to fight for these rights, now not only can we vote, but also we can also get the same education and same jobs as the men in today's society.

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Another part of America that I like is the way politics are set up. Anyone who thinks they can do a good job is able to run for a place in today's government. We don't only have one ruler who makes all our rules and laws, but the people in America rule themselves. I like that because that way if we want something changed, or if enough of us think that something is wrong with our nation, we can make a difference. Voting is a big part of making that difference because voting shows how you want our government run, and whom you want to be represented by. We arent just represented by our president. We are also represented by our town councils, our mayors, our governors, our senators, and everyone else that makes up a part of our government, so there are always places open in our society that we can fill to make our own changes.

The freedom of religion in America is another big concept; because that is another reason many people came to America, to break free from the bonds of the designated religion in their country. In some countries, you are made to believe in certain religions. As in America you can believe whatever belief you want to believe in without getting harmed in anyway.

In conclusion, I believe that America is one of the best places to live in. Even though its the only place that Ive ever lived in! I just love all of the freedom that we all have. I actually feel sorry for some of the women in other countries. I am so glad I live in America, and if I lived anywhere else, I would want to move here.

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So Long a Letter by Mariama Ba

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[So Long A Letter takes place in Senegal, a one-time French colony on the western coast of Africa where the citizens speak French and follow Islam. At the beginning of the novel, the main character Ramatoulaye loses her estranged husband Modou Fall to a sudden heart attack. He has just taken seventeen-year-old Binetou as his second wife and virtually abandoned Ramatoulaye, which is legally and socially acceptable in a Muslim society. The following excerpt describes part of the Muslim funerary tradition, according to which Ramatoulaye is compelled not only to entertain hordes of mourners but also to house her co-wife, in addition to other indignities she endeavors to tolerate with grace under pressure.]

ON THE THIRD DAY, the same comings and goings of friends, relatives, the poor, the unknown. The names of the deceased, who was popular, had mobilized a buzzing crowd, welcomed in my house that has been stripped of all that could be stolen, all that could be spoilt. Mats of all sorts are spread out everywhere there is space. Metal chairs hired for the occasion take on a blue hue in the sun.

Comforting words from the Koran fill the air; divine words, divine instructions, impressive promises of punishment or joy, exhortations to virtue, warnings against evil, exhaltation of humility, of faith. Shivers run through me. My tears flow and my voice joins weakly in the fervent Amen which inspires the crowds ardor at the end of each verse.

The smell of the lakh [a dish made from millet flour] cooling in the calabashes pervades the air, exciting.

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Also passed around are large bowls of red or white rice, cooked here or in neighboring houses. Iced fruit juices, water and curds are served in plastic cups. The mens group eats in silence. Perhaps they remember the stiff body, tied up and lowered by their hands into a gaping hole, quickly covered up again.

In the womens corner, nothing but noise, resonant laughter, loud talk, hand slaps, strident exclamations. Friends who have not seen each other for a long time hug each other noisily. Some discuss the latest material on the market. The latest bits of gossip are exchanged. They laugh heartily and roll their eyes and admire the next persons boubou, her original way of using henna to blacken hands and feet by drawing geometrical figures on them.

From time to time an exasperated manly voice rings out a warning, recalls the purpose of the gathering a ceremony for the redemption of a soul. The voice is quickly forgotten and the brouhaha begins all over again, increasing in volume.

In the evening comes the most disconcerting part of the third days ceremony. More people, more jostling in order to hear and see better. Groups are formed according to relationships, according to blood ties, areas, corporations. Each group displays its own contributions to the costs. In former times this contribution was made in kind millet, livestock, rice, flour, oil, sugar, milk. Today it is made conspicuously in banknotes, and no one wants to give less than the other. A disturbing display of inner feeling that cannot be evaluated and measured in francs! And again I think of how many of the dead would have survived if, before organizing these festive funeral ceremonies, the relative or friend had bought the life-saving prescription or paid for hospitalization.

The takings are carefully recorded. It is a debt to be repaid in similar circumstances. Modous relatives open an exercise book. Lady Mother-in-Law [the co-wifes mother] and her daughter have a notebook. Fatimi, my younger sister, carefully records my takings in a note-pad.

As I come from a large family in this town, with acquaintances at all levels of society, as I am a schoolteacher on friendly terms with the pupils parents, and as I have been Modous companion for thirty years, I receive the greater share of money and many envelopes. The regard shown me raises me in the eyes of the others and it is Lady Mother-in-Laws turn to be annoyed. Newly admitted into the citys bourgeoisie by her daughters marriage, she too reaps banknotes. As for her silent, haggard child, she remains a stranger in these circles. . .

The share of each widow must be doubled, as must the gifts of Modous grandchildren, represented by the offspring of all his male and female cousins.

Thus our family-in-law take away with them a wad of notes, painstakingly topped, and leave us utterly destitute, we who will need material support.

Afterwards comes the procession of old relatives, old acquaintances, griots [part magician, poet, and sorcerer employed by a family] goldsmiths, laobes with their honeyed language. The goodbyes are irritating because they are neither simple nor free they require, depending upon the person leaving, sometimes a coin, sometimes a banknote.

Gradually the house empties. The smell of stale sweat and food blend as trails in the air, unpleasant and nauseating. Cola nuts spat out here and there have left red stains my tiles, kept with such painstaking care, are blackened. Oil stains on the walls, balls of crumpled paper. What a balance sheet for a day!

My horizon lightened, I see an old woman. Who is she? Where is she from? Bent over, the ends of her boubou tied behind her, she empties into a plastic bag the leftovers of red rice. Her smiling face tells of the pleasant day she has just had. She wants to take back proof of this to her family, living perhaps in Ouakam, Thiaroye, or Pikine [lower class suburbs of Dakar, the capital].

Standing upright, her eyes meeting my disapproving look, she mutters between teeth reddened by cola nuts Lady, death is just as beautiful as life has been.

- Transcribed from So Long A Letter by Mariama Ba (translated from French into English by Modupe Bode-Thomas) London Heinemann, 18. ISBN 0-45-0555-4

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