Quadrature phase shift keying

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The aim of our project is to implement a quadrature phase shift keying baseband modulator and demodulator on ADSP 105. The project discuss the theory behind the qpsk techniques and implementation in electronic device.The project also discuss the software programming that controls the various aspects of the qpsk techniques. In the project we are showing how a keyboard character gets modulated in the transmitter side and how it gets demodulated in the receiver side.

For qpsk modulation the original pulse stream has to be partioned as even and odd bits according to their position.The even pulse stream shifts the phase of the cosine function by 0° or 180° consequently this produce bpsk waveform. Similarly the odd pulse stream shifts the phase of the sine function.The summation of these two orthogonal components yields the qpsk waveform.

The qpsk demodulation can be divided into three major sections. Since the incoming wave is suppressed in nature coherent detection is used. Secondly raw data is obtained by coherent multiplication and used to derive clock synchronization information. The new data is then passed through the channel filter which shape the pulse train. This shaped pulse train is then routed along with the derived clock to the data samples which outputs the demodulated data.

Qpsk has its application in almost all the fields of the digital communication. In case of mobile communication where the bandwidth efficency and less power transmission with less bit error probability is the main criterion,the qpsk finds its application.Qpsk also finds its application in under ocean communication,military and other commercial fields.

Custom Essays on quadrature phase shift keying

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Shawn

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Character Study of Andy For the Movie The Shawshank Redemption

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The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption (14) is an impressive, engrossing piece of film-making from first-time director/screenwriter Frank Darabont who adapted horror master Stephen Kings 18 novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption (first published in Different Seasons). The inspirational, life-affirming ...

The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Alex Hodgetts The Shawshank Redemption examines a series of oppositions guilt and innocence, brutality and charity, freedom and imprisonment to finally show how Andy is able to save not only himself but Red too. Discuss. The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont ...

Sociological View of Shawshank Redemption

... some would be uninterested in a book that offers the premise that convicts who spend their lives in prison loose their humanity and hope. The Shawshank Redemption is the exception. The story portrays a prison as an institution which does nothing more than store individuals. Similarly, several sociological ...

Differences in the movie and book of Shawshank Redemption

The novella Shawshank Redemption and Rita Hayworth by Stephen King is the basis of the 14 movie The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont. This moving and inspirational film follows the book very closely in relation to the characters and plot, however does include some very significant ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to take their life. In the movie there ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption based on a novella by Steven King, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to ...

Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption is a feature film concerned with the repression of individuals within an institution- a prison in this case. It is concerned with routine, forced conformity, power abuse and the struggle of hope to exist in such a lifeless world.Characteristic of this feel good ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption The main character, Andy, is an accountant who was convicted of murdering his own wife. He is taken out of a life in which he is comfortable and placed in an environment that is completely foreign to him. The of other prisoners lifestyles are not similar to his own. Andy is educated ...

shawshank redemption

... 'twitchy' while describing the office. All these words create an eerie atmosphere as well as a spooky image of Mr. Jaggers. Mr. Jaggers is a powerful character that is harsh, and everything about him seems frightening and fierce. The room indirectly gives an impression on what Mr Jaggers is like; his ...

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Duties of a Physical Therapist

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Physical Therapist

Physical therapists provide services that help restore function, relieve pain, and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients . They restore, maintain, and promote fitness and health. Their patients include accident victims to individuals with disabling conditions such as low back pain, arthritis, heart disease, fractures, head injuries, and cerebral palsy. Therapists examine patients medical histories, then test and measure their strength, range of motion, balance and coordination, posture, muscle performance, and motor function. They also determine patients ability to be independent and enter back into the community or workplace after injury or illness.

When injured, Physical Therapists develop a personal plan to bring their patient back to a full recovery. Physical therapist assistants, under the direction and supervision of a physical therapist, may be involved in implementing treatment plans with patients. Physical therapist aides perform routine support tasks, as directed by the therapist. Treatment often includes exercise for patients who have been immobilized and lack flexibility, strength, or endurance. They encourage patients to use their own muscles to further increase flexibility and range of motion before finally advancing to other exercises improving strength, balance, coordination, and endurance. Their goal is to improve how an individual functions at work and home. Some physical therapists treat a wide range of ailments; others specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, orthopedics, sports medicine, neurology, and cardiopulmonary physical therapy.

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All States require physical therapists to pass a licensing exam before they can practice, after graduating from an accredited physical therapist educational program. The National Physical Therapy Examination must be passed to be able to practice Physical Therapy. Physical therapists much prepare themselves by entering courses provided by the APTC

Physical therapist programs start with basic science courses such as biology, chemistry, and physics, and then introduce specialized courses such as biomechanics, neuro-anatomy, human growth and development, manifestations of disease, examination techniques, and therapeutic procedures. Courses useful when applying to physical therapist educational programs include anatomy, biology, chemistry, social science, mathematics, and physics. Before granting admission, many professional education programs require experience as a volunteer in a physical therapy department of a hospital or clinic.

Physical therapists should have strong interpersonal skills to successfully educate patients about their physical therapy treatments. They should also be compassionate and possess a desire to help patients. Similar traits also are needed to interact with the patients family.

Physical therapists are expected to continue professional development by participating in continuing education courses and workshops. A number of States require continuing education to maintain licensure.

Average annual earnings of physical therapists were $54,810 in 000. The middle 50 percent earned between $46,660 and $67,0. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $8,510, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $8,70. Average annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of physical therapists in 000 were as follows

Offices and clinics of medical doctors$58,0

Home health care services57,80

Offices of other health practitioners55,80

Nursing and personal care facilities54,740

Hospitals54,40

During my observation, I observed Ph.D; Patricia Hunt and her assistant Michelle Marks. During my 10 hours, over a three day period, I had seen 6 patients come in for therapy. Two of the patients were two that had been in a car accident. One had been partially paralyzed in the left arm, the other suffered from a fractured femur. The doctor had the patient with the paralyzed arm lift a small dumb bell from time to time, and she would occasionally switch her from the dumb bell, to a resistance band, the other patient with the fractured femur would sit in the "drum" (a swimming pool) and try to lift her leg up and down. The reason for the pool the doctors said to me, it would be the only way she would be able to move the leg without excruciating pain, and it offered a small amount of resistance. Two other patients were in there for the same thing, an ACL tear. They both were doing exercises to strengthen their knees. They would use the baps board from time to time, but they were constantly using the resistance bands. They would from time to time also be taken to the "drum" and were to jog at a moderate speed in place, one collapsed in the pool once from the pain, the other patient was coming to an end of his therapy, he helped him out. Another patient had muscular distrophyin his legs from being in a sling from an accident on the job. He had broken both of his legs, and he had been in a cast for the past months. When he arrived at the clinic, they allowed me to watch as they cut through the plaster casts. When they removed the casts, they asked the patient to get up and see if he could walk, but his legs were so stiff, and shrivled, he couldn't make it 5 steps from the table before asking to be sat down. They put him in the "drum" and he was to kick his feet back and forth for about 0 minutes, then move them in a circumduction motion for another 0, then he would be strapped in low ankle weights and was to do 40, and 0 degree leg lifts for incriments of seconds. The last patient was recovering from tendinitis she had in her deltoid in her shoulder she received from over exertions of throwing softballs. She would be asked to put her right arm to the side of her, and pull up on the resistance band, and hold it until her arm would give way. She was to repeat this for 15 minutes with incriments of icing in between. All in all, my experience with them was a good one. I understand the patience, time, and dedication needed to be a physical therapist, because it is a very demanding job, both physical, and mental.

Please note that this sample paper on Duties of a Physical Therapist is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Duties of a Physical Therapist, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Duties of a Physical Therapist will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A choice

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LITTERATURE REVEVIEW

Cultivation theory claims that television cultivates a view of reality that is not consistent with actual reality but is perceived as reality. In other words people seem to believe that television represents real life. This is especially true in the case of heavy viewers of television. This is also true in novice (children) viewers and most research tends to lean toward the idea that heavy viewing of television by novices cultivates an idea that the world is a mean and violent place. Cultivation theorists attribute two mechanisms to explain how television cultivates ideas. Mainstreaming which is televisions ability to stabilize and homogenize views within a society, and resonance, which is the extent to which a person can identify an event on television with something in his/her own personal experience. Repetition of resonance and identifying with the idea of the mainstream culture would cultivate the idea. The idea of violence as a common event has been cultivated by television and reinforced by televisions portrayal of a "Mean World".

In a series of articles published in the Journal of communication George Gerbner and his associates claim that heavy television watching cultivates conceptions of reality in viewers which are consistent in the world presented in television dramas but not in reality. (Hughes 180) The "world" of television is perceived as a violent and mean one where both good and bad people commit violent acts. The televised stories that generate the most concern seem to be those that contain scenes of violence. "Acts of physical aggression are suspected of inciting impressionable viewers to commit similar acts."(Gerbner 178) One reason people are concerned about television violence is the frequency of aggressive acts. Violence "Plays an overwhelming role in television entertainment children see long before they can read. An American child today is born into a home in which television is on an average of over seven hours a day. By thee time children learn to read and distinguish news from other stories, they are fully integrated into a television view of the world." (Gerbner 6) "It has often been noted that by the time the average American graduates from high school, he or she will have seen more than 1,000 violent deaths on television. Given the sheer amount of children's potential exposure to televised violence, we worry that children will become jaded, desensitized, and inured to violence not only on television but in real life as well."(Gerbner 178)

The basis of the "Mean World" idea is from Gerbner and his associates twenty plus years of content analysis where their violence profile has shown consistently high numbers of violent acts. (Potter 10) "There appears to be a justifiable fear that viewing televised violence will make people, children in particular, somewhat more likely to commit acts of violence themselves." (Gerbner 178)

This is best reflected in Gerbner's study on adolescents and their ideas on when it is right or wrong to hit someone. According to cultivation theory children who are heavy watchers of television subscribe to the "Mean World" idea will be more likely to act out aggressively due to the acceptance of violent acts on television. Gerbner's research did in fact find that "young viewers who watch a lot of television are more likely to agree that it is "Almost always all right to hit someone "if you are mad at them for a good reason.""(Gerbner 178) Conversely children who did not watch heavily and had a better view of reality were less inclined to hit someone even if one is mad at them for a good reason. (Gerbner 177)

Also in Gerbner asked a question about a child's willingness to walk alone in his or her own neighborhood at night. Testing the theory that television's violent tendencies cultivate an idea of an over estimated prevalence of violence. He found that among heavy viewers "Females and young students are more afraid overall"(Gerbner 178) This coincides with the fact found by the content analysis of television programming where "In the television world young boys are the males most likely to be the victims rather than the perpetrators of violence." (Gerbner 177) Women are more likely to be victims on television than males and as the age of a woman rises so does the risk of being a victim in the world of television.

Gerbner and his associates' theories have also been adapted to support the idea of learning and socialization through television. Bandura maps a process by which people learn from observation, including television. Behaviors are learned from observation when they are repeated, simple, vicariously or directly reinforced, and the viewer feels competent in performing them. Most of the realities presented in television fulfill these criteria and can, therefore, be readily learned. Social cognitive theory clearly defines the cognitive and motivational processes required in the acquisition of behaviors from observation. (Tan, Nelson, Dong, and Tan 17) Since Cultivation theory and Social Cognitive theory have been proven to be true then one can assume that the more television a child watches and the more violence on television the more a child will be prone to violent behavior by learning from what he/she sees.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gerbner, George, "TV Violence And What To Do About It", Nieman Reports, Fall6, Vol. 50, Issue, Database Academic Search Premier

Gerbner, George, Gross Larry, Jackson-Beeck Marilyn, Jeffries-fox Suzanne, Signorielli Nancy, "Cultural Indicators Violence Profile No.", Journal of communication Vol. 8, 178, p 176-07

Gerbner, George, Gross Larry, Eleey Michael F., Jackson-Beeck Marilyn, Jeffries-fox Suzanne, Signorielli Nancy, "TV Violence Profile No.8 The Highlights," Journal of communication, Vol. 7, 177, p 171-180

Gerbner, George, Gross Larry, Jackson-Beeck Marilyn, Morgan Michael, Signorielli Nancy, "The Demonstration of Power Violence Profile No. 10" Journal of communication, Vol. 8, 17, p 177-16

Nabi Robin L., Sullivan John L., "Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime?" Communication Research, Vol. 8 No.6, December 001, p80-85

Tan Alexis, Nelson Leigh, Dong Qingwen, Tan Gerdean, "Value Acceptance in Adolescent Socialization A Test of a Cognitive-Fictional Theory of Television Effects" Communication Monographs, Vol. 64, March 17, p 8-7

Daniel Sledge

Comm1

Literature Review

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Animal Rights

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In order for a basis for the subject you are about to read I feel that it is

necessary for you to be presented with a few facts in order to help you

understand the circumstances surrounding what animals live through every day and

every year. Each year it is estimated that over 10 billion animals are used for

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food every year in the United States alone. In a lifetime, the average American

meat-eater consumes ,600 animals, including ,450 chicken, 118 turkeys, pigs

and sheep, and 1 cattle and calves. Each year, an estimated 7 million animals

in the U.S. are used in research, testing, and education. Over million animals

are killed in dissection classes. There are presently nearly 500 alternatives

available to dissection for science education. I am not a vegetarian but I do

feel that using animals for scientific testing is wrong. There are many

alternatives then slaughtering thousands of animals every year.

A reasonable estimate is that about six million vertebrate animals are

dissected yearly in U.S. high schools alone. You would think that most of the

animals used in dissection are captive-reared, but the truth is that the

majority are taken from their natural homes in the environment. There are many

alternatives to dissecting animals, for we now have the knowledge that offer

other solutions. For example there are many internet sites that offer a

dissection course step-by-step but without ever have to touch an animal. In a

report written by the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), apparently the majority

of animals that scientists use for testing will not produce relevant results in

correspondence with how certain drugs will react with humans. So you must ask

yourself why thousands of animals have to go through painful unnecessary

experiments to get results that prove nothing.

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Shawn

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Character Study of Andy For the Movie The Shawshank Redemption

(None of the search words were found in the top of this document.)

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The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption (14) is an impressive, engrossing piece of film-making from first-time director/screenwriter Frank Darabont who adapted horror master Stephen Kings 18 novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption (first published in Different Seasons). The inspirational, life-affirming ...

The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Alex Hodgetts The Shawshank Redemption examines a series of oppositions guilt and innocence, brutality and charity, freedom and imprisonment to finally show how Andy is able to save not only himself but Red too. Discuss. The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont ...

Sociological View of Shawshank Redemption

... some would be uninterested in a book that offers the premise that convicts who spend their lives in prison loose their humanity and hope. The Shawshank Redemption is the exception. The story portrays a prison as an institution which does nothing more than store individuals. Similarly, several sociological ...

Differences in the movie and book of Shawshank Redemption

The novella Shawshank Redemption and Rita Hayworth by Stephen King is the basis of the 14 movie The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont. This moving and inspirational film follows the book very closely in relation to the characters and plot, however does include some very significant ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to take their life. In the movie there ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption based on a novella by Steven King, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to ...

Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption is a feature film concerned with the repression of individuals within an institution- a prison in this case. It is concerned with routine, forced conformity, power abuse and the struggle of hope to exist in such a lifeless world.Characteristic of this feel good ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption The main character, Andy, is an accountant who was convicted of murdering his own wife. He is taken out of a life in which he is comfortable and placed in an environment that is completely foreign to him. The of other prisoners lifestyles are not similar to his own. Andy is educated ...

shawshank redemption

... 'twitchy' while describing the office. All these words create an eerie atmosphere as well as a spooky image of Mr. Jaggers. Mr. Jaggers is a powerful character that is harsh, and everything about him seems frightening and fierce. The room indirectly gives an impression on what Mr Jaggers is like; his ...

Please note that this sample paper on shawn is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on shawn, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paperson shawn will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ideology and Hegemony Definitions

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Ideology

The neutral and general working definition of ideology is a system of beliefs and characteristics of a class or group, which constitutes their group consciousness. Sometimes referred to by Marxists as a false consciousness. Gramsci says this is open to resistance and interpretation.

Marx also states that the ideas of the dominant class or group are promoted as universal but actually work against the interests of inferior groups. (Power and resistance in media lecture)

One of the key features of Marxist theory is the materialist belief that social life determines consciousness. According to this belief, ideological positions are related to class positions, and the dominant ideology in society is the ideology of the elite class. From this view the mass media distribute the dominant ideologies. The reasons being that those who own and control the media are in fact the dominant groups. According to supporters of Marxist political economy the mass media conceal the economic basis of class struggle; 'ideology becomes the route through which struggle is obliterated rather than the site of struggle' (Curran page 6)

Louis Althusser, a French philosopher of Marxism rejects the notion of 'false consciousness' and believes that ideology is the medium through which we should view the world. (Curran page 4)

The operation of ideology in mass media in the West contributes to infrastructure of the capitalist system according to Althusser, the dominant ideology of a certain society i.e. capitalist industry continues the current mode of production within it and the economics of capitalism are not questioned. This is because it is seen as 'common-sense' or 'natural', therefore it is impossible to be free of ideologies. (Althusser, page )

Media and cultural industries such as TV, film, radio, magazines, music, newspapers and the Internet produce a representation of world so we can understand how the world is and why it works. However the media are not uniformly or conspiratorially organised to promote a single sexist or racist conception of the world. They do not just express a unified ruling class conception of the world as stated by Marxist philosophers. There are internal contradictions among media representations and narratives about gender and race. Although it is easy to see, even with the contradictions, that certain dominant images and ideas recur and are reinforced, while other images and ideas are marginalised or excluded. Another Marxist theorist, Antonio Gramsci, questions the theory of ideology being put into place purely through 'false consciousness'. Gramsci felt that dominant ideologies achieve consensus through a process of struggle and negotiations. (Introduction to Film Studies lecture, Laurie Ede)

Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci, an Italian (181-17), was a leading Marxist philosopher.

Unlike Althusser he believed that economic connections with ideology were not evident, and insisted that each topic should be studied separately. Gramsci further rejected the 'materialist' stance and sought to offer a humanist Marxism, which focussed on human subjectivity. Gramsci used the term 'hegemony' to show the dominance of one social class over another. If a social group can be persuaded to accept the ideology of another group then hegemony is established and the hegemonic group can dominate or control the other group. This indicates the ability of the dominant class to project its own way of seeing the world so that those in the lower classes accept it as 'common-sense' and 'natural'. "Common-sense is the way a subordinate class lives its subordination". (Geoffrey Nowell-Smith)

However unlike Marx, Gramsci's key belief is centred on 'struggle'. "Common-sense is not something rigid and immobile, but is continually transforming itself". (Gramsci)

According to Gramsci, it is in the interests of those wishing to establish control to gain the consent of those it wishes to control. Gramsci understands hegemony as cultural and ideological, as it is the area in which dominant groups sustain their power through the consent of the lower class groups.

For Gramsci, the origins of hegemony lie within the culture of capitalist institutions, for example mass media, popular culture and the family. In recent years the increasing concentration of financial power within big business has seen all the major mass media enterprises being concentrated into a small number of owners. This way they are readily able to promote consumerism and capitalism as the only way of life. This is also true of the Western 'Democratic' system. As politicians can only reach voters by using the mass media controlled by the big businesses, they must adhere to their terms and conditions to receive a favourable review. Therefore the Western political system must be viewed as a hegemony and not in actual fact a democracy.

The media companies are extremely effective at using hegemonic processes to void alternative viewpoints or threats and this certainly includes the ability to void extreme political parties and leaders. Though it is argued all views are never entirely silenced but they are merely reduced to tokenism and patronisation.

However the media are only as powerful as the public allows it to be. A machine created for the people by the people; the media are responsible for delivering messages through areas of interest is how some see it. People who are dragged into a realm of believing and trusting the media are the ones at risk of being dominated and influenced by the values of others. Recent debate such as genetically modified crops or asylum seekers are examples of which the media can strongly influence people's beliefs. Many people are adamant that genetically modified crops or 'Frankenstein Foods' can cause severe problems merely because of media influence, even though there has been no conclusive evidence to prove this.

Words

Bibliography

James Curran, Michael Gurevitch & Janet Woollacott The study of the media theoretical approaches

Louis Althusser Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays.

Stuart Hall Encoding/decoding. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies Culture, Media, Language.

http//www.theory.org.uk

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