Animal Rights

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In order for a basis for the subject you are about to read I feel that it is

necessary for you to be presented with a few facts in order to help you

understand the circumstances surrounding what animals live through every day and

every year. Each year it is estimated that over 10 billion animals are used for

Write my Essay on Animal Rights for me

food every year in the United States alone. In a lifetime, the average American

meat-eater consumes ,600 animals, including ,450 chicken, 118 turkeys, pigs

and sheep, and 1 cattle and calves. Each year, an estimated 7 million animals

in the U.S. are used in research, testing, and education. Over million animals

are killed in dissection classes. There are presently nearly 500 alternatives

available to dissection for science education. I am not a vegetarian but I do

feel that using animals for scientific testing is wrong. There are many

alternatives then slaughtering thousands of animals every year.

A reasonable estimate is that about six million vertebrate animals are

dissected yearly in U.S. high schools alone. You would think that most of the

animals used in dissection are captive-reared, but the truth is that the

majority are taken from their natural homes in the environment. There are many

alternatives to dissecting animals, for we now have the knowledge that offer

other solutions. For example there are many internet sites that offer a

dissection course step-by-step but without ever have to touch an animal. In a

report written by the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), apparently the majority

of animals that scientists use for testing will not produce relevant results in

correspondence with how certain drugs will react with humans. So you must ask

yourself why thousands of animals have to go through painful unnecessary

experiments to get results that prove nothing.

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Shawn

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Character Study of Andy For the Movie The Shawshank Redemption

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The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption (14) is an impressive, engrossing piece of film-making from first-time director/screenwriter Frank Darabont who adapted horror master Stephen Kings 18 novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption (first published in Different Seasons). The inspirational, life-affirming ...

The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Alex Hodgetts The Shawshank Redemption examines a series of oppositions guilt and innocence, brutality and charity, freedom and imprisonment to finally show how Andy is able to save not only himself but Red too. Discuss. The Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont ...

Sociological View of Shawshank Redemption

... some would be uninterested in a book that offers the premise that convicts who spend their lives in prison loose their humanity and hope. The Shawshank Redemption is the exception. The story portrays a prison as an institution which does nothing more than store individuals. Similarly, several sociological ...

Differences in the movie and book of Shawshank Redemption

The novella Shawshank Redemption and Rita Hayworth by Stephen King is the basis of the 14 movie The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont. This moving and inspirational film follows the book very closely in relation to the characters and plot, however does include some very significant ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to take their life. In the movie there ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption In the movie The Shawshank Redemption based on a novella by Steven King, the movie shows how prison life affects prisoners when they are released from jail. Prisoners can choose to go down two different paths. One path they can take is to live their life, or they can choose to ...

Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption is a feature film concerned with the repression of individuals within an institution- a prison in this case. It is concerned with routine, forced conformity, power abuse and the struggle of hope to exist in such a lifeless world.Characteristic of this feel good ...

Shawshank Redemption

Shawshank Redemption The main character, Andy, is an accountant who was convicted of murdering his own wife. He is taken out of a life in which he is comfortable and placed in an environment that is completely foreign to him. The of other prisoners lifestyles are not similar to his own. Andy is educated ...

shawshank redemption

... 'twitchy' while describing the office. All these words create an eerie atmosphere as well as a spooky image of Mr. Jaggers. Mr. Jaggers is a powerful character that is harsh, and everything about him seems frightening and fierce. The room indirectly gives an impression on what Mr Jaggers is like; his ...

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Ideology and Hegemony Definitions

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Ideology

The neutral and general working definition of ideology is a system of beliefs and characteristics of a class or group, which constitutes their group consciousness. Sometimes referred to by Marxists as a false consciousness. Gramsci says this is open to resistance and interpretation.

Marx also states that the ideas of the dominant class or group are promoted as universal but actually work against the interests of inferior groups. (Power and resistance in media lecture)

One of the key features of Marxist theory is the materialist belief that social life determines consciousness. According to this belief, ideological positions are related to class positions, and the dominant ideology in society is the ideology of the elite class. From this view the mass media distribute the dominant ideologies. The reasons being that those who own and control the media are in fact the dominant groups. According to supporters of Marxist political economy the mass media conceal the economic basis of class struggle; 'ideology becomes the route through which struggle is obliterated rather than the site of struggle' (Curran page 6)

Louis Althusser, a French philosopher of Marxism rejects the notion of 'false consciousness' and believes that ideology is the medium through which we should view the world. (Curran page 4)

The operation of ideology in mass media in the West contributes to infrastructure of the capitalist system according to Althusser, the dominant ideology of a certain society i.e. capitalist industry continues the current mode of production within it and the economics of capitalism are not questioned. This is because it is seen as 'common-sense' or 'natural', therefore it is impossible to be free of ideologies. (Althusser, page )

Media and cultural industries such as TV, film, radio, magazines, music, newspapers and the Internet produce a representation of world so we can understand how the world is and why it works. However the media are not uniformly or conspiratorially organised to promote a single sexist or racist conception of the world. They do not just express a unified ruling class conception of the world as stated by Marxist philosophers. There are internal contradictions among media representations and narratives about gender and race. Although it is easy to see, even with the contradictions, that certain dominant images and ideas recur and are reinforced, while other images and ideas are marginalised or excluded. Another Marxist theorist, Antonio Gramsci, questions the theory of ideology being put into place purely through 'false consciousness'. Gramsci felt that dominant ideologies achieve consensus through a process of struggle and negotiations. (Introduction to Film Studies lecture, Laurie Ede)

Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci, an Italian (181-17), was a leading Marxist philosopher.

Unlike Althusser he believed that economic connections with ideology were not evident, and insisted that each topic should be studied separately. Gramsci further rejected the 'materialist' stance and sought to offer a humanist Marxism, which focussed on human subjectivity. Gramsci used the term 'hegemony' to show the dominance of one social class over another. If a social group can be persuaded to accept the ideology of another group then hegemony is established and the hegemonic group can dominate or control the other group. This indicates the ability of the dominant class to project its own way of seeing the world so that those in the lower classes accept it as 'common-sense' and 'natural'. "Common-sense is the way a subordinate class lives its subordination". (Geoffrey Nowell-Smith)

However unlike Marx, Gramsci's key belief is centred on 'struggle'. "Common-sense is not something rigid and immobile, but is continually transforming itself". (Gramsci)

According to Gramsci, it is in the interests of those wishing to establish control to gain the consent of those it wishes to control. Gramsci understands hegemony as cultural and ideological, as it is the area in which dominant groups sustain their power through the consent of the lower class groups.

For Gramsci, the origins of hegemony lie within the culture of capitalist institutions, for example mass media, popular culture and the family. In recent years the increasing concentration of financial power within big business has seen all the major mass media enterprises being concentrated into a small number of owners. This way they are readily able to promote consumerism and capitalism as the only way of life. This is also true of the Western 'Democratic' system. As politicians can only reach voters by using the mass media controlled by the big businesses, they must adhere to their terms and conditions to receive a favourable review. Therefore the Western political system must be viewed as a hegemony and not in actual fact a democracy.

The media companies are extremely effective at using hegemonic processes to void alternative viewpoints or threats and this certainly includes the ability to void extreme political parties and leaders. Though it is argued all views are never entirely silenced but they are merely reduced to tokenism and patronisation.

However the media are only as powerful as the public allows it to be. A machine created for the people by the people; the media are responsible for delivering messages through areas of interest is how some see it. People who are dragged into a realm of believing and trusting the media are the ones at risk of being dominated and influenced by the values of others. Recent debate such as genetically modified crops or asylum seekers are examples of which the media can strongly influence people's beliefs. Many people are adamant that genetically modified crops or 'Frankenstein Foods' can cause severe problems merely because of media influence, even though there has been no conclusive evidence to prove this.

Words

Bibliography

James Curran, Michael Gurevitch & Janet Woollacott The study of the media theoretical approaches

Louis Althusser Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays.

Stuart Hall Encoding/decoding. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies Culture, Media, Language.

http//www.theory.org.uk

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T Krupp's Keys to Success

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He was famous for being an excellent pianist, and he composed much excellent piano music as well as played it. He composed his first three piano concertos, and his first two symphonies between the years of 17 and 1801. In 180 Beethoven became aware that his hearing impairment was worsening and was permanent. This upset him very much, and he became rather disheartened. However this led to a period of re-focus for Beethoven, and he went through a good creative writing stage in which his music flourished. This time became to be known as his "middle-period". During this period he composed many, many excellent works that secured him as being the best composer of his time. However this period also marked the end of his piano-playing days due to his loss of hearing. After the year 181 Beethoven slowed basically to a stop. He became very depressed due to not being able to hear, because it led to him cutting himself off from most people, and this made him very sad. However the work Beethoven was able to compose during his good days established him as probably the best composer of all time.

I think that Beethoven was a very interesting, complex, man. It is crazy to think that the best composer of all time was deaf. This is pretty sad, considering that this means that much of the work that he created after 180, he was never able to actually hear played out by an orchestra. Also, most of the work he made during this time was his best work, and Beethoven never got to hear it. I think he must have been amazing if he could have made up those songs in his head without being able to play them or test them out. Perhaps if he had not been deaf, and subsequently depressed and isolated, then he may have been able to produce more, and maybe even better, work.

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Roll Of Thunder Hear My Cry Review

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ROLL OF THUNDER HEAR MY CRY

The importance of family

·Mildred D Taylor wanted to show a family united in love and respect.

·Mama and Papa teach their children (Mama covers the books and Papa doesn't shop at the Wallace store)

·Firm discipline (Papa beats children for going to the Wallace store)

·Parents listen and give advice (Papa advises Cassie about Lillian Jean Simms and Stacey about Jeremy, Mama tells Cassie about racism)

· Both parents actively promote education (Mama supervises homework and Papa buys his children books for Christmas)

·Parents are caring and supportive of each other (when Mama looses her job and when Papa gets injured)

·Extended family Big Ma adds to stability of environment to increase awareness of family history.

·Uncle Hammer makes the sacrifice of selling his car to make sure the mortgage is paid.

The response of Logan children

·They respect and love their parents (as Cassie shows her Mother during the preparations for church)

·Children seek parental approval (Cassie explains about the book, children accept parents right to punish them i.e., When Papa brings them to the barn and thrashes them for going to the Wallace Store)

·Children care for each other (Stacey organises revenge on the bus to redress Little Mans hurt. Cassie is angry with T.J when he takes Stacey's coat)

·Cassie and Stacey are bemused by Jeremy's detachment from his family.

Other Black Families

·Usually seen in relation to the Logans

·Avery's are poorer than the Logans and are unable to use discipline on T.J. However the strength of the feeling within the family is clear. (attempts to protect T.J from the Lynch Mob)

·Mr. Turner is also a poor sharecropper. Despite raising his children as a single parent he provides a supportive family environment. He prevents his children from going to the Wallace store and encourages his son Moe in his education (he walks several miles to school each day)

·Both the black families try to make the best of a bad situation.

White Families

·Very little information on white families which is usually negative

·The Simms expecting Jeremy to learn their racist behaviour from their Father (Cassie and Lillian Jean on the sidewalk). This bigotry seems to lead directly to violence and crime (Cassie's action on Lillian Jean, RW and Melvin, Defending of T.J followed the violent Barnett robbery and T.J's beating and possible execution

·The Wallace's as a family are also racist and violent (attack on Papa, Stacey and Mr. Morrison)

·Mr. Grangers family are not seen, but influence of his mother is made clear (Old South Valley)

·Mr. Jamison and his wife give a rare positive image of a white family. Discussing and agreeing on all important issues that effect them

Conclusion

·Mildred D Taylor seems to be saying that if parents are well adjusted then their children will be happy and balanced. If parents are full of hatred, the most likely outcome will be that the children will be a

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Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

Sara just found out her baby will be born with ADA deficiency (bubble-boy syndrome). The baby will be born with no immune system, and be forced to live a short, sheltered life with no "out-siders". Sara's baby will only die early if they can't find a bone marrow donor match, which is rare. What should Sara do? Look into genetic engineering of course! "The idea, simply, is to inject corrective genes into a patient's body to replace faulty ones"(How Soon is Too Soon?). Genetic engineering can make better food products, help cure and control disease, and has worked on animals.

Scientists study genetic engineering for animals, to make better food and control spread of animal disease. In cattle they slip in extra genes to reduce fat in meat. In chickens they are developing genes that make chickens mature faster and have more meat. They are also working on enhancing disease resistance (Thro 41-4).

Genetic engineering is used to understand the cause of disease, for treatments of disease and for possible cures for disease. Gene therapy is another form of genetic engineering. It is basically the same technology but it puts the genes into an unborn baby (Thro 70, 81). With these technologies, in the near future, if someone were to get a third-degree burn, doctors would just grow some skin cells in a container and then place them on your skin. Or if someone had a heart attack they could replace the bad heart cells with the artificially made "good ones". What if someone broke his or her back? Scientists could grow nerve cells to place into your back. Scientists in California are working on a gene-based drug that will cut-off the blood flow to cancerous cells in someone's body. These cells will eventually strangle the cancer cells, curing the cancer. In the future there will be artificial genes that can protect against HIV, diabetes, cancers, and Parkinson's disease. "This research obviously promises to significantly advance human life". Now, some people still think this procedure is wrong. Do you think that it is wrong to take some skin cells (that otherwise would have washed down the drain) and put them into an enucleated egg and grown in a petri dish with the intention of curing your grandpa's Parkinson's disease? Besides, does your uniqueness really come from your genes? Say that Fred could have a brain transplant with George. So after the procedure is done Fred is still Fred just in George's body, right? Anyway the point is that brains make you who you are. Not your genes (Petri Dish Politics)! In the 170's there was a boy born with no immune system (ADA deficiency). America came to know this boy as "the boy in the plastic bubble" or "bubble boy" because he lived in a large bubble made of plastic. The bubble acted as his immune system; it kept the germs out. He lived into his early teens, but could not see his family or friends. ADA deficiency is a rare disease, and is usually treated with enzyme treatments or bone marrow transplants, but these don't come close to correcting your immune system. That is until now! In 10 the first gene engineering on humans was approved. They worked this phenomenon on a four-year-old girl. First they made copies of the normal ADA gene, and then inserted them into a dormant virus. Next they mixed some T cells (part of the immune system) with the ADA gene and the dormant virus. Then that grew into a colony of about a billion. Next they put that into the girls body like a regular, everyday, blood transfusion. Then she returned for a few more. In 1 the treatment seemed to be working well and her immune system was strong (Thro 81)). Eight years later she is still living a good life, swinging and smiling (How Soon is too Soon). The most studied disease in this field is cystic fibrosis, which is a disease that effects the lungs. A thick, sticky mucus clogs the lungs. This disease makes you vulnerable for fatal infections. People that have this disease usually die before age 0. Scientists have now found the gene that carries cystic fibrosis (Thro 70-7). They can now test adults fore this gene. For example doctors tested Jerry and Emily, a married couple for the gene. They found that Emily has the gene but Jerry doesn't. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would not get this disease because the gene is recessive. Bob and Linda had the same test done. It says that they both have the gene. If they ever decided to have kids, their kids would have this disease. Thanks to genetic engineering scientists can see this. "The pace of scientific advance in genetic engineering is sure to increase (How Soon is too soon).

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Scientist has done some genetic engineering testing on animals. In September 1 Joe Tsien made mice smarter by putting in extra copies of a gene into the mice's brain cells. In a short time they will be able to put these genes in humans. These humans would have an easier time learning and remembering (Petri Dish Politics). Two groups of scientists have been able to treat hemophilia B in mice and dogs (Thro). From Dolly the lamb we learned that doctors might one day take the nucleus of a skin cell and put them with an egg and mix them with the appropriate hormones and proteins. Then they would turn the cell into a heart tissue; for example, your body would not reject this because it's a match with your immune system (Petri Dish Politics). If genetic engineering has worked on animals well doesn't that mean it possibly will work on human's well in the future?

Genetic engineering is a technology that will help us in the future. As far as we know you CAN NOT change your personality with this maneuver. "Genetic engineering as a whole is one of the most promising technologies on the planet"(www.foxbghsuit.com). With genetic engineering we can make better foods, fight disease and has worked on animals.

WORK CITED

Dr. A Thompson."Genetic Engineering".Genetic Engineering As a Whole.8 Febuary1

0 March 001. http//foxbghsuit.com/wwwboard/messages/7.html

"How Soon is Too Soon? SIRS. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin, Inc SIRS Researcher, 000.

"Petri Dish Politics" SIRS. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin, Inc SIRS Researcher, 000.

"Releasing the Gene Genie" SIRS. CD-ROM. SIRS Mandarin, Inc SIRS Researcher,

000.

Thro, Ellen. Genetic Engineering Shaping the Materials of Life. New York Facts on

File, Inc, 1.

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America! be there or be square

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America

Be there or be square!

People from all over the world went through trials and tribulations when nations were building themselves. Slavery and primitive accumulation caused a lot of people to migrate to the free land of America. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, America was not a great place for African Americans but it was a good place for Europeans to settle. Job opportunities were plentiful for Europeans. African Americans on the other hand were already in America and most migrated North for industrial jobs and a better way of life. Those who didn?t migrate north most became sharecroppers. These two groups have differences and similarities such as looking for better ways of life and some form of oppression.

In the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries two point four million Europeans left East Europe and migrated to America (global view, origins, Europe). Agricultural and industrial changes made it hard for peasants to keep their land. Primitive accumulation is outright robbery or appropriation of other people?s property or previously common wealth. This took place in early capitalism. There were many types of primitive accumulation back then that made Europeans migrate such as land enclosures, war, imperialism, converting land into a commodity, and forced taxation. People in power would make newly subservient population pay a tax. This made peasants rural day laborers, tenants, and sharecroppers of their own land. Immigrants learned of opportunities in industry, construction and skilled trades and businesses in America through steamed powered transports and electric communications; family members used these to communicate to them and tell them about jobs in the U.S (global view, origins, Europe).

When Europeans got to America, most of them only new of farming. A lot of the immigrants looked for cultivated land, but most ended up in urban industrial America (global view, origins, Europe). Primarily, Europeans settled in New York City. After the east and the west departed, and the interruption of capitalism, the old economic order disappeared and a lot of Europeans ended up in America.

African Americans on the other were brought to America as slaves. They were property, not even considered human in the eyes of the American people. Slaves were to be bonded for life, they were to work for whites and not be paid and they were to die slaves. Then came the Civil War, where the north and the south parts of the U.S. fought for the emancipation of slaves and for the captivity of slaves. The post civil war thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments made Negroes free persons and equal citizens before the law and promised them full participation in the community (global view, origins, America south). African Americans were free now. Even though they were free they were not equal, southern whites came up with a new racial order of second class citizenship and segregation (global view, origins, America south) making it hard for African Americans. African Americans then migrated north to escape violence, poverty and indebt ness (global view, origins, America South). Blacks left the south to find new ways of life and also to work in the new industrialized factories they had up North. Ex-slaves migrated north to absorb rights and opportunities that were there for them to use and get ahead. African Americans settled mostly in urban cities, like Chicago, Detroit, and New York. Where men worked in factories and women mostly did housekeeping jobs. Southern blacks were migrating northward by the tens of thousands during the twentieth century. They went to cities of the Midwest and the northeast, where they joined Europeans immigrants, including the Irish and Jews. Most black men over twenty-one moved to Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, and New York. Just like some Europeans, some African Americans were pushed into sharecropping and tenant farming. When both groups got to America they didn?t know what to expect.

Blacks responded to the Chicago defender, which was owned by a black editor. Black men felt they could never be men if they stayed south; they wanted to work for money instead of being used. Employers put ads in the paper for blacks of jobs, which read ?Men wanted at once. Good steady employment for colored thirty to thirty-nine and a half cents per hour. Weekly payments. Good warm sanitary quarters free?Towns of New York and Jersey City? (Takaki 4). Blacks were happy up north and wrote letters home gloating about their new way of life. When Europeans got here to America, they felt there was room for all, employment for all and success for many. And they were right, jobs were plentiful for them and like African American they wrote home gloating about their new riches. European immigrants provided the labor for the construction of roads and canals for the Market Revolution; they helped build waterways, including Connecticut?s Enfield Canal, Rhode Island?s Blackstone Canal, and most importantly, New York?s Erie Canal (Takaki 15). But during the captivity of African Americans and after the Civil War things rivalry of the two races exploded.

Unlike Europeans, African American migration was internal, meaning they migrated within the United States of America. Blacks also wanted to permanently stay north and live independently by working for wages and by not sharecropping in the south, getting themselves in debt with former master and becoming slaves again without even realizing. Whites or Europeans wanted to make money then return back home to their land with their newfound riches. European migrants fled on their own to escape oppression from their King. African-Americans were here as captives.

These two groups also had similarities, they all wanted freedom. They also all wanted a better way of life. Europeans had to deal with losing their land and oppression from the king. Blacks didn?t have their own land but they dealt with oppression from the white man, which you can say was their King.

In conclusion the same Europeans that came here to get away from their oppressor began to oppress African Americans, which is why after the civil war Blacks migrate north. These two races had a lot in common during their migrations. Mostly wanting freedom and a better way of life. Europeans and African Americans both helped build America and now we are all equal or are we?

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