EVALUATING THE NEW ICANZ CODE FO ETHICS IN TERMS OF AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE: LOW-BALLING

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EVALUATING THE NEW ICANZ CODE FO ETHICS IN TERMS OF AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE LOW-BALLING

An audit is done to confirm that the financial statements are a true and fair view. The auditor is asked to use their best judgement and to state an opinion as to whether the financial statements reflect a true and fair view of the financial health of the entity. The audit is not just a statutory regulation. It also confirms that management is taking due care with stakeholders monies and confirms that accountability is taking place.

There is a lot of emphasis placed upon the audit. It must show a high level of assurance to the opinion stated. The more effort and funds that go into the audit, the greater the assurance (Pratt and Van Peuresm 1). This is what enhances the value of the opinion.

The new Code of Ethics (00) has been developed and reviewed to help increase the level of confidence in the auditor¡¦s opinion. It is also in the Public Interest. The Code of Ethics (00) identifies five fundamental principles - integrity, objectivity and independence, competence, quality performance and professional behaviour. Messier (00) points out that if the profession cannot show clearly that the audit was performed with integrity, objectivity and independence then the profession as a whole losses value in the assurance they provide.

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Independence is viewed as the most essential element of audited financial statements in safeguarding the interest of several parties (Vanasco et al., 17). It discourages bias when auditors are making judgements and coming to an informed opinion. Lee and Zhaoyang (18) define independence as the absence of collusion between the auditor and the client firm.

The Code of Ethics (00) have defined the requirements of independence under paragraph 5 as;

Independence requires

(a)Independence of mind - The state of mind that permits the provision of

an opinion without being affected by influences that compromise professional judgement, allowing an individual to act with integrity, and exercise objectivity and professional scepticism and

(b)Independence in appearance - The avoidance of facts and circumstances that are so significant that a reasonable and informed third party, having knowledge of all relevant information, including safeguards applied, would reasonably conclude a firm¡¦s, or a member of the assurance team¡¦s, integrity, objectivity or professional scepticism had been compromised.

Whatever the definition, independence is there to encourage and enhance objectivity.

The practice of low-balling consists of auditors setting their fees below total current costs in order to be hired by the client (Schatzberg 10). The auditor anticipates that they can hold on to the client and recoup costs later. In essence low-balling is a marketing strategy akin to ¡¥low introductory pricing¡¦ (Lee and Zhaoyang 18).

Research shows that low-balling is not only practiced but also wide spread. Singleton-Green (10) points out that the major British firms practice low-balling when bidding for engagements. Simon and Francis (188) have undertaken research and found evidence of low-balling. The research identified the average fee discount was about 4% for the first year and persisting for two more years at a lower level.

Regulatory authorities disagree with accounting research in regards to low-balling and independence. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) makes a comparison between low-balling and unpaid audit fees (Neidermeyer et al., 18). This suggests that the auditor has a financial stake in the client and therefore lacks independence. This financial interest is indirect rather than direct. This would give the auditor incentive to ensure that the client stays in business so that the auditor receives payment. They become committed to retaining the client and this reduces independence.

Messier (00) writes that low-balling can cause the auditor to decrease both the time allocated to the audit and the extent of audit procedures. This could well form a bias in the auditors mind and effect their objectivity and independence in relation to the client.

The Exposure Draft of the Code of Ethics Independence in Assurance Engagements (00) states

{When a firm obtains an assurance engagement at a significantly lower fee level than that charged by the predecessor firm, or quoted by other firms, the self-interest threat created will not be reduced to an acceptable level (Paragraph .105)

{¡§Self-interest Threat¡¨ occurs when a firm or a member of the assurance team could benefit from a financial interest in, or other self-interest conflict with, an assurance client (Paragraph .105)

What the ED is saying is that lower fees create the impression of self-interest on the auditors behalf and both the ED and Code identify self-interest as a threat to independence. Under the COE (00) paragraph 145, low-balling is seen as violating the independence in appearance clause. The argument is that there is a perception that the quality of work could be impaired.

There is another argument against low-balling, which states that it is anticompetitive, and an abuse of market position (Accountancy, 15). This does not concern independence; rather it concerns the principle of Professional Behaviour and conduct.

There is no reliable research available to support the argument that low-balling decreases the independence between auditor and client (Accountancy, 15 and Neidermeyer et al., 18), except under quite restricted situations. Magee and Tseng (10) suggest, ¡§ A disagreement between potential auditors judgement over an audit situation must prevail in order to have an impairment of the auditors independence¡¨. Schatzberg (14) states ¡§Independence is impaired only when the cost of the litigation is less than continuing the audit¡¨. This is because the profession equates the external auditor solely as an agent of the manager and ignores the auditor¡¦s legal liability to the shareholders.

The research does not support the argument that low-balling can impair independence in fact it suggests that low-balling may serve a public interest (which is why we have the Code of Ethics). An astute business manager can see how it would create market competition. This is not a bad thing as it encourages efficiency in the work place and higher standards. Lee and Zhaoyang (18) think that the market exclusion of auditing firms unable to give initial discounts may even be healthy. Cash strapped auditors will leave the market. They use a three-pronged model to explain how a combination of low-balling and the auditor¡¦s legal liability maintains auditor independence. The model is dependent on who has the right to hire or fire the auditor. The shareholders should engage the auditor rather than the manager as the auditor has a legal liability to shareholders.

Neidermeyer et al. (18) found that there was an acceptance of low-balling by professional auditors. In fact, the further up the management hierarchy, the more low-balling was accepted as a valid business tool. It was found that senior management and partners believed that low-balling was an acceptable practice that does not violate the Principals of Professional Behaviour. If this is the dominant attitude and culture at the top of hierarchy then the likelihood of it spreading, especially when promotions are given, is high. If individuals don¡¦t conform to the existing culture then they are likely to leave Public Accounting.

In conclusion, does discouraging low-balling because of perceived lack of independence serve the public interest? To be blunt, no. It suppresses industry competition and pushes up the cost for the client, which is unfair to smaller clients. The only thing low-balling is guilty of is giving a discount at the beginning of the relationship rather than a few years later.

After evaluating the information I have come to the conclusion that it is not necessary to discourage low-balling as it serves a public interest. Perhaps the Code review committee is trying to inflate the value of the auditor¡¦s opinion.

Word Count 1,51

Accountancy. 15. Low-balling? No barrier to quality. Vol. 116. Iss. 18. p. 8.

Lee, C.J. and Zhaoyang, G. 18. Low-balling, legal liability and auditor independence. Accounting Review. Vol. 7. Iss. 4. pp 5 ¡V 556.

Magee, R. and Tseng, M. 10. Audit Pricing and Independence. Accounting Review. Vol. 55. pp. 15 ¡V 6.

Messier, N.T. 00. rd Edition. Auditing and Assurance Services a systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Irwin New York.

Neidermeyer, P., Tuten, T. and Neidermeyer, A. 18. Hierarchical differences in auditors¡¦ perceptions of low-balling A study of current attitudes. Journal of Applied Business Research. Laramie. Vol. 14. Iss. . pp. -10

Pratt and Van Peuresm. 1. Auditing Theory and practice in New Zealand (rd Edition). Auckland. Addison Wesley Long-man.

Schatzberg, J. 10. A Laboratory Market Investigation of low-balling audit. The Accounting Review. Vol. 65. Iss. . pp. 7 -6

Schatzberg, J. 14. A new Examination of Auditor ¡§Low-ball¡¨ Pricing Theoretical Model and Experimental Evidence. Auditing A Journal of Practice and Theory. Vol. 1. pp. ¡V 55.

Simon, D. T., and J. R. Francis. 188. The effects of auditor change on audit fees Tests of price-cutting and price recovery. The Accounting Review (April) 55-6

Singleton-Green, B. 10. Auditor Independence ¡V dodging Mr Davies. Accountancy. Vol. 106. Iss. 1168. p. .

The Exposure Draft of the Code of Ethics Independence in Assurance Engagements (00)

Vanasco, R., Skousen, C. and Santagato, R. 17. Auditor Independence an International Perspective. Managerial Auditing Journal. Bradford. Vol. 1. Iss. . pp. 48 - 505

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The most dangerous game

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Have you ever had feelings about something that's later changed? In "The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Conel, Rainsford finds himself in that position. This short story revolves around three main conflicts of man. Man verse Nature, man verse man, and man verse himself are those conflicts. General Zaroff and Rainsford are the characters, which the story is mainly about. Rainsford is a famous hunter, and General Zaroff is a fan of him, also a hunter.

The First conflict, man verse nature, takes place when Rainsford falls off his boat, and since it was dark he couldn't see much. He made his way to an island owned by the crazed General Zaroff. So here Rainsford is one this weird guys island trapped, and what he comes to find out he will be changed by.

The second conflict, man verse man, was when General Zaroff sent out to find the "man" who has been on his island, and when he comes to find it's the one and only famous Rainsford. So he takes him in and gives him dry cloths and food. Zaroff started talking about his love for hunting which lead to him telling Rainsford about his new hobby, of hunting humans. Rainsford comes to find that the only way to escape this island is to play Zaroff's game. Rainsford did not like the idea of hunting humans, and thought it was wrong and wanted no part

Have you ever had feelings about something that later changed? In The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Conel, I will show how one character changes his opinion about something after he has experienced it himself. Almost all of us have said Oh thats easy or I could do that any day! and then find out that the task is prey himself, corrected his faults and formed new opinions about hunting and standing up for the rights of animals. Rainsford is an excellent role model for positive change!

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, The Most Dangerous Game is a

story about a man named Rainsford whom gets stranded on an island with a crazed

general. This general is named General Zaroff. Rainsford was an excellent

hunter who wrote many books about hunting. General Zaroff was a fan of

Rainsfords books, so he immediately knew who Rainsford was when he found him.

General Zaroff let Rainsford in and treated him to good food and plenty of rest.

Zaroff was talking to Rainsford about hunting, and then Zaroff explained his

passion, he hunted humans because animals were no challenge. Rainsford did not

like this and tried to avoid Zaroff. Soon after this, Zaroff gave Rainsford a

choice, it was either Zaroff would hunt Rainsford for three days or Rainsford

will get whipped in the dungeon of Zaroffs home until he agrees to be hunted.

Unwillingly, Rainsford picks to go hunting and hopes to survive the three days.

If he did live, he would be set free with money and new clothing, so Zaroff says…

The Importance of Choices in The Most Dangerous Game Can a man be driven from humble humanity to gross inhumanity by circumstance or situation? What effect do ones choices and training have on his morals? At some point in our lives we will all be forced to answer questions similar to these, and two characters in Connells story The Most Dangerous Game are not exempt from these life decisions. Sanger Rainsford and General Zaroff are both wealthy, both are hunters, and eventually both men are put into situations where critical choices must be made. The choices the men make are derived from different situations, but both have similar results. Initially the setting of the story is on a yacht in the Caribbean. Rainsford is involved in small talk with his friend, Whitney, and the conversation is about their favorite hobby, hunting big game. The fact that these men could afford a hunting trip to the Amazon speaks of their wealth, and these men have apparently taken several trips together. General Zaroff is not unlike Rainsford in this respect. From his childhood, Zarof...

The short story "Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell is the suspenseful tale of the ultimate hunter, one who hunts humans in a sick, twisted game of cat-and-mouse. The one of the overall themes of the story, as I personally saw it, was a warning of becoming too obsessed with a hobby and the chase for excitement. In the story Zaroff is a hunter who has been hunting for so long, and has become so adept at it, that he now finds it dull to hunt even the most dangerous animals in the world

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Peace

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Throughout time, people have been searching for a sense of comfort and the feeling of belonging. In certain situations, he/she aims to look beyond inane events in order to achieve something. This is approached by actions taken and words used in every day life. In these environments it is inevitable, desired, and essential for people to make peace. In order to achieve peace, people must have an understanding of society, discover who they are, and form their inner being.

As time progresses, people will always be engaged in conflict. It seems as if there is no possible way to resolve wars between groups. Individuals may be insecure about issues that they face, such as the construction of reality, progress, and individuality. There may also be differences that they cannot accept including social inequalities, race, gender, cultures, and ideas of ethnocentrism. In order for people to truly be at peace, they first must come to terms with the environment, acknowledge and be open to others. They must also stand up and take action. This is the first step in working together to form, ' Peace, Love and Empathy'.

Once a person finds compassion and concern for matters on the greater scale, he/she can begin to work to find peace in simpler things around them. There is escapism from reality where peaceful dreams would come. A lake, which is seemingly just a big hole filled with water, could be a serene pool of mystery and bliss, becoming a symbol of peace. As an exchange of words, " Peace be with you", it would seem true that the individual does need peace to be with him or herself first. This can help form the person that they become.

If an individual were fighting with himself or herself, it would be hard to find a state of well-being or satisfaction. Emotional and mental violence could cause the individual to go crazy. It seems hard enough to live in a world of conflict, let alone living with the own self. The individual could look within and choose to continue to be at war, or find different alternatives and support. Once the inner person has come out, they are at peace.

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In the world that has been given, it is sought out to find meaning and to come across peace. Efforts and actions have to take place in the situations in order to attain such harmony. Individuals must work with humanity, the person they are and want to be in order to achieve peace. Then peace has taken over.

Please note that this sample paper on Peace is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Peace, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Peace will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Nike

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SHORT CASE SUMMARY Nike, Inc. (50-671-645, www.nike.com) is the worlds #1 athletic shoe and apparel seller. Nike currently employs 0,700 employees, with total sales of $8.78 billion. Nike and the athletic shoe industry have evolved into one of the most competitive market in recent years. But, analysts believe that athletic shoe sales will slow down over the next few years. The slowdown will come with the change in consumer trends. For instance, the younger market is beginning to buy more casual shoes and work boots. Another reason for the slowdown is that people are buying more medium priced athletic shoes and not going for the high price brand name shoes. As a result, this is bringing Nike a lot more competition to surpass. In order for Nike to remain on top of the athletic shoe industry they must establish an exceptional global strategy. If Nike penetrates the global market successfully than this will give the company an overall competitive advantage. Nike doesnt only sell athletic shoes, but a wide variety of sporting goods and clothing. They also design, develop, and market high quality active sports apparel, equipment, and accessory products. Their huge lines of products are designed for just about every sport in existence. Their products are made for men, women, and children of all ages. Nike has 0,000 retail accounts throughout the U. S. using independent distributors and also has contracts with 110 other countries. The company also has agreements with Internet companies and subsidiaries. Nike, Inc. has many retail outlets around the world, including their famous outlet NIKETOWN located in major cities. NIKETOWN gives customers the experience to become more educated on the companys goals and objectives for their products. The store educates its customer while at same time entertaining them too. This store gives customers a chance to become more brand loyal to Nike, Inc. Over the years Nike has gained an enormous amount of consumer awareness that they have eliminated the company name from all other products. The swoosh logo is automatically associated with the company name by just about anyone in the world. The meaning for Nike has lived up to the companys expectations. Nike means the goddess of victory, which is exactly what the company has had since its creation. HISTORY A competitive runner, Phil Knight, incorporated Blue Ribbon Sports in Oregon in 168. Blue Ribbon Sports was the first to receive the swoosh logo, but changed its name to Nike in 178. Nikes research and development department used technological expertise to produce several different athletic shoes, which changed the whole outlook on the industry. After being in business for five years Nike, Inc. had a 44% annual growth. Shortly after Nike didnt pay attention to the sale of aerobic shoes, which hurt them slightly. International operations were the main focus for Nike, Inc. in the early 180s. An excess of inventory in 185 caused Nike to reduce prices and lose manufacturing contract in the Far East. This pushed Nike from the top spot in the market. As a result, Nike had to lay off 50 employees in 186. Nike began their climb back in 188 with the introduction new advertising strategies and the development of the new footwear. The main focus was on the customers wants and needs their purchase of Nikes athletic shoes. In 188, Nike bought a subsidiary called Cole Haan based in New Hampshire. The company Cole Haan cost Nike $64 million, but was worth every cent. The Cole Haan subsidiary manufactures casual footwear, something Nike was lacking for years. This purchase helped Nikes casual footwear operations grow 16% within the year. In 10, Nike, Inc. purchased Cole Haan Company Accessories, which distributes top quality braces, belts, and small leather goods. As Nike grew in 10 they opened their first retail store NIKETOWN. In 11, the company purchased Tetra Plastics, which was used for the development of the air sole shoes. In 1, they then bought a cap-making company named Sports Specialties. Then in 14, Nike introduced a new line of air sandals called Air Mada. Nike acquired Canstar Sports, Inc. the world largest hockey equipment manufacture in 15. Throughout Nikes history their international sales have lagged due to strong overseas competition. COMPETITION Nikes major competitor is Reebok, which also designs and develops athletic shoes and apparel. These two companies compete in the U.S. and internationally. Each company uses their own type of advertising strategy to reach their target customers. Many of the advertisements feature athletic stars and commercials that relate to the customers. Nike and Reebok are major competitors, but also have to worry other national and international competitors. Nikes other competitors are Callaway Golf, Converse, Deckers Outdoor, FUBU, Fila, Fortune Brands, Fruit of the Loom, Hi-Tec Sports, Levi Strauss, Nautica, New Balance, Polo, Puma, Rawlings, Rollerblade, Russell Corp., Sara Lee, Skechers, Spalding, Stride Rite, Timberland, Tommy Hilfiger, Wolverine, and Adidas. In Europe the competition is growing and is a major area for Nike to strike. Nike is second in sales in Europe, just behind Adidas. International sales for Nike have been increasing but are losing other opportunities by competitors signing large contracts with sports figures and teams. These contracts are giving competitors an edge nationally and internationally. In 18, 1,00 jobs were cut due to falling sales and the reduction of costs in Asia. CHANGES IN THE ATHLETIC SHOE INDUSTRY The growth of athletic shoe and apparel industry is the direct result from consumer changes for the better. The baby boomer generation is becoming more health conscious and living much more active lifestyles. Along with Generation Xs interest in living a healthy life. Also, there is more women playing sports than ever, which means more shoes to buy. The more sports these kids and young adults play throughout their life the more accessories and equipment they will need to compete. Nike gives their customers the feeling of self-confidence and the advantage over their competition. The only problem Nike has is the aging adults who do not participate in any sports or fitness programs. Adults aged 5-55 only one in five exercise up to two times a week. Also, the growing obesity problem that is affecting Americans more and more each year. Nike has established many contracts with international countries for manufacturing their products. Even with changing exchange rates and tariffs Nike feels its still cost effective to manufacture their shoes internationally. Another reason for these contracts is the labor costs and benefits, which makes it cheaper to manufacture the products. There are some problems with the idea of these types of contracts. For example, some countries are becoming less interested in manufacturing shoes and starting to produce their own electronics. There may also be problems with labor situations, shipping and unreliable quota systems. Nike must also consider the many legal restrictions that the global market may pose. INTERNAL FACTORS Nikes research and development expenses for 1 were $7.50 million, which only represented 1.1% of sales. R & D in the athletic industry are based on innovation and does not cost a company a lot of money on equipment. Nike continues to depend on developments to modify its products from competitors. The company presently sells roughly 00 models of athletic shoes in 00 styles for 5 different sports. Nikes target market for their shoes are males and females between 18 and 5 years old. The product are altered and improved frequently. Nike distributes one new shoe style every single day. Nike advertises its products in a variance of ways and targets its ads to particular groups or types of people. The company continues to disburse advertising cash on TV ads during professional and college sports events, prime-time programs, and late-night TV programs. Many or most of their ads feature professional sports figures that are role models for Nike customers. Advertising cost Nike $78. million in 17. Along with endorsement fees of $100 million for those sports stars everyone loves. Nike has been criticized for its social responsibility throughout its lustrous history. Nike was known to have 6,700 Indonesian employees from Asia working 100-degree factories. These factories were poorly vented and the workers were forced to inhale toxic fumes while working. There was also evidence of abuse by Nike a factory manager on Vietnamese production workers. Nike has developed many programs to show their improving social responsibility issues. For example, Nike and the Boys and Girls Clubs of America began a program called Kids Movement. This program teaches young people about fitness awareness. Nike, Inc. also provides funds for the Childrens Television Workshop for literacy TV programs. The company firmly incorporated the N.E.A.T. (Nike Environmental Action Team) in 1. This program was implemented to maintain environmental initiatives by recycling old shoes and utilizing them to make new shoes. Nike, Inc. happens to employ mostly health-conscious corporate employees. About 40% of Nikes employees are under the age of 0. The corporate campus helps apply this type of culture with the benefits it offers their employees. For instance, the company has wooded areas, running trails and fitness centers for their active employees. This is a major part of Nikes corporate culture, which then trickles down to Nikes management styles. Nike lets managers keep lines of communication open and lets them determine their own decision making. The company also offers their employees something called LifeTrek. This is a benefit and compensation program that gives their employees a sense caring and trust. THE FUTURE With the increase in competition and limit of growth the U.S. athletic shoe industry, Nike is still slated to be a major leader in the market. The advertising and innovative marketing in the industry should still leave it extremely competitive. The only problem that Nike worries about are customers becoming less brand-loyal and buying cheaper athletic shoe brands. Nike is trying to make the point that it is worth spending more money on better quality made shoe, than buying a cheap shoe that will only last a little while. One major area that brings unlimited opportunities to Nike is the international market. In the United Sates, there are 4 people for every pair of Nikes, France has 11, Japan has 50, and China has 11,81. These figures show that the greatest growth for Nike is overseas.

Please note that this sample paper on Nike is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Nike, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Nike will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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One of the Two Great Gods of the Earth

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One of the Two Great Gods of the Earth

"Demeter"

Demeter, the Goddess of the Corn, had only a daughter, Persephone, also known as Proserpine in Latin. A bitter event occurred that caused all of Demeter's gifts of the earth to become a frozen desert. Persephone wandered too far away from her companions and the Lord of the Underworld kidnapped her. He brought her to the underworld where she became his wife. When Demeter heard her daughter's cry she flew to find her but was too late. She wandered for nine days in search for Persephone until the Sun told her how the Lord of the Underworld kidnapped her.

Demeter disguised herself as a mortal and flew down to earth. There, four maidens met her and welcomed her to their home. The mother of the household, Metaneira, had a son named Demophoön. Demeter nursed the child and he grew like a young god. One night, however, Demeter found Demophoön laid in the fire. She was horrified and quickly pulled him out. Demeter then revealed to the women her true identity. She ordered the women to build a great temple for her. When this temple was completed, Demeter sat in it longing for her daughter. As she waited nothing grew and no seed sprung up from the earth. It seemed as though men would die of famine. Finally Zeus had to take the matter into his own hands.

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Zeus instructed Hermes to tell the Lord of the Underworld to release Persephone. The Lord of the Underworld obeyed Zeus' order, however, before Persephone left he made her eat a pomegranate seed which meant that she would have to return to him. Demeter saw her daughter and both were happy. The earth was once again filled with bright flowers and green leaves.

Unfortunately, this happiness would not last for long because Persephone must go back to the underworld. She was only allowed to stay for four months, but this short amount of time made Demeter unhappy. Therefore, for four months the earth would not bare any fruit because of Persephone's absence. When Persephone was with her mother everyone was happy and the earth bore fruit. And so, we have the changing of the seasons.

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School

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Researching the costs of launching

It is no question that the cost of sending a child to college or university can be astronomical. It is very important to renegotiate the material relationship once launching occurs. In most cases, parents are the financial aid when it comes to paying for the cost of post-secondary education. There are several things that must be considered when deciding how much money to put aside for this step in a childs life.

One major cost for post secondary education is obviously the cost of tuition. The amount of money required for tuition depends on two things the course being taken and where it is being taken. Tuition for college is considerably less than the tuition cost for university. Tuition for college is on the average of $500 a year, whereas the tuition for university is, on average, $5500 a year. Courses in college range anywhere from one to four years and at a cost of $500 a year we are looking at a cost between $500 to $10,000 just for the tuition. Most courses in university are four years in length but can extend as long as 7 years. At a cost of $5500 a year, sending a son or daughter to university can cost the parents anywhere between $,000 and $8,500 for the tuition alone. This can put a major dent in the bank accounts of the parents, but there are more costs to consider.

Another major cost for post-secondary education is the cost of books. Books are getting more expensive every year; the cost of books for a student taking computer engineering ranged from $100 to $170 a book.

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Post-secondary students have anywhere between 4 and 8 courses a semester. Considering that the books cost an average of $15 a book, the total cost of books can range from $540 to $1080 a semester. Given that there are two semesters in an academic year, the total cost for books each year ranges from $1080 to $160. This isnt the end of it, there are also course notes, lab manuals, and solution manuals that the student must purchase. These items usually dont cost very much. The most expensive item would be the solution manuals that can cost up to $50. These small items are nothing compared to the cost of housing.

If the student is going to a post-secondary institution located far from home then the cost of housing will be a very expensive part of sending a student to school. The cheapest form of housing is living on campus in residence. The cost of living on Res can range from $00 to $500 a month. Given that there are eight months in a regular post-secondary year, the total cost per year to live on residence is between $400 and $4000. If the student is living off-campus in an apartment the cost will be more expensive. In Ottawa, reasonable one-bedroom apartments range in price from $600 to $00. Apartment leases are usually for a period of one year so the total cost to live off-campus for one year can range from $700 to $10,800. Considering that a student is going to university for four years, the total cost for a place to live will be between $8,800 and $4,00. However, there are also the groceries and bills to consider. If living off campus, a student will need the internet, a phone with a good long distance plan, most likely will have a TV, and might also have to pay for hydro. A student can get basic cable, high-speed internet, a phone plan, and hydro for a total of $150 a month. The average cost of groceries a month for one student is $00. Adding this up, the cost for rent, bills, and food ranges from $,000 to $47,400 a year.

There are also extra expenses to consider such as transportation to and from home during the holidays, transportation to and from school (if living far from campus), lab coats, paper, pencils, laundry, a student card, etc.

Considering the cheapest scenario where a student goes to college for one year, taking 4 courses a semester and lives on residence the total cost would be $580. Considering the most expensive scenario where a student goes to university for 7 years, living off campus with 8 courses a semester, the total cost would be approximately $116,000. So when sending a son or daughter to a post-secondary institution, parents should be willing to put aside anywhere from $580 to $116,000. Parents with children who want to become doctors might want to buy some lottery tickets. There are, however, scholarships, bursaries, and student loans that will bring down these costs by a great deal. Also, most students take summer jobs to help pay for these expenses. In either case, it is very important to renegotiate the material relationship once launching occurs.

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Critical Thinking

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Critical Thinking for Indonesian Language

Keith L. Halsell

CSS/0

Lawrence Oliva

Write my Essay on Critical Thinking for me

September 15, 00

Critical Thinking for Indonesian Language

The use of language is the primary building block for communicating in any civilization. Language is a vital tool for almost every aspect of our lives; therefore, it is imperative that society continues to seek new techniques and ways to effectively teach Language. The author A. Alwashilah wrote an article titled Critical thinking crucial to global success. (00, may 0) The Jakarta Post. The author writes about the perception that the language curriculum of Indonesia is ineffective because of the methods of teaching the Indonesian language. The author identifies some possible reasons for the perceived problems with the countrys language program and some solutions that could fix what might be broken. The author suggests that before any fixes occur, the attitudes of the educators have to be correct first.

The proof that most of the Indonesian people feel that the language is a boring subject is not provided in the article, therefore one can not assume that the majority of the people think that the curriculum is boring. Instead, the assumption might be that all is fine with the current language program and furthermore it is the opinion of a few that the teaching process needs changing. It is also difficult to determine if the current system has implemented steps to incorporate programs aimed at promoting critical thinking in the language studies. Therefore more data is needed to determine if the Indonesian language is ok or in need of a change.

The author seems to be convinced that the current ways of teaching have produced a system that requires results that are barometers for success, which lacks excitement and optimism. He indicates that an updated curriculum can help utilize new ideas and procedures, which can produce critical thinking in the language; which-in-turn will create more excitement for the language.

The authors articulation of the language is good, however the use of some words complicated the meaning of certain sentences. For example, the use of repetitive to describe the method of learning provides a simpler picture than the chosen word of rote. Another example is using adroit to state, Skillful thinking would result from having many in teaching language.

The authors argument that the traditional ways and methods for teaching the subject are limited and furthermore the teaching produces a respective cycle for limited teaching and learning. The argument on the principal that to obtain the ultimate goal is to learn enough of the Indonesian language to achieve the desired test results, which limits the possibility for critical thinking. The limitations in language will cause limitations in other aspects of education because language is a vital tool in learning.

The fallacy in the article is it failure to produce and data on the opinions of the majority of the Indonesian population. It is not clear whether the population feels that the subject is boring or if the system needs an upgrade. The argument that the language is boring is the view of one person, which may not reflect the opinion of others. Furthermore, there is no way to ascertain the information to determine if the nation is ready to overhaul the entire language curriculum. In addition, the author has not provided data showing that methods for producing critical thinking in the Indonesian program are not current in place.

The rational and logic that a healthier curriculum is obtainable if procedures are implemented that promotes critical thinking is sound, because it does not place restrictions on what the final result should be. The concept of learning the Indonesian language through methods that are different from the traditional way can provide a better curriculum over the long run.

The author identified several issues that could be a problem for the subject of Indonesian in the schools and universities, however it is not clear on the more damaging issue. The successful solutions to these problems depend on identifying the proper area to address first, the method of teaching or the goal for learning. After determination is made on which issue presents the greater problem, the educators can proceed with finding the appropriate solutions.

References

Alwasilah, A Chaedar (00, may 0). Critical thinking crucial to global success

Retrieved September 15, 00, from EBSCOhost database

Please note that this sample paper on Critical Thinking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Critical Thinking, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Critical Thinking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!