Can you keep a secret?

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"Can you keep a secret?" I asked Greg.

"Of course I can, you know me!" He answered.

Greg was perfectly fine with the idea of hearing something that he was not supposed to hear. On my side I was ready to tell something that I was not supposed to tell; to somebody that was not supposed to hear it. Well, one way or another, a simple word could describe this whole process gossip.

While reading Michael Ondaatje's "Running in the family" and Kathleen Norris's "Dakota", I get exactly this feeling like they are telling me secrets that I am not supposed to hear, something very personal, something that I am not supposed to tell to anybody else. I get the feeling that we are gossiping.

In Old English, gossip - or god-sibb - originally meant a person related to one in God, specifically referring to a womans close female friends at the birth of a child (those she would choose to be godparents to her child). The word later came to mean more generally a close (female) friend or companion, and then the kind of talk characteristic of intimate friends, i.e. chatty talk about the details of personal matters and relationships, the sharing of secrets - more or less what we currently mean by gossip. (Simple English)

Academics also engaged in defining gossip - evaluative talk about a person who is not present (Eder) or the process of informally communicating value-laden information about members of a social setting (Noon).

Asked about gossip, Aaron Spelling, the creator of the famous TV shows Dallas and Dynasty, says that gossip starts when rich people have problems that money cant solve (Fox). And this is a definition which Michael Ondaatje, I think, could not agree more.

Michael Ondaatje's "Running in the family" takes us on a trip to the magical world of Sri Lanka and its high society. They are rich aristocrats, received their education in England. They love exquisite clothing, wild parties and drama. And of course, they love to gossip. The whole book is gossip. Moving from room to room and place to place, family dinners and afternoon teas, Ondaatje tries to put together the pieces of the past. The only source he has is the stories of the people he talks to. There are so many characters in this book and everyone has a story to tell. "There are stories of elopements, unrequited love, family feuds, and exhausting vendettas, which everyone was drawn into, had to be involved with" (Ondaatje 5). After hearing so many stories, Ondaatje admits

I must confess that the book is not a history but a portrait or "gesture". And if those listed above disapprove of the fictional air I apologize and I can only say that in Sri Lanka a well-told lie is worth a thousand facts. (06)

What he really wants to tell is that there is nothing wrong in telling stories, even if they are sometimes different then the reality. Ondaatje does not mind the gossip. He presents it as something innocent and more humorous then harmful.

Gossip is not a trivial pastime it is essential to human social, psychological and even physical well-being. There is some evidence to suggest that gossip is a deep-seated human instinct evolutionary psychologists have compared the evolution of gossip in humans with the practice of "social grooming" among chimps - where the animals spend hours grooming each others fur, even when they are perfectly clean, as a form of social bonding. Enjoyment of gossip is also about the thrill of risk-taking, doing something a bit naughty, something not right, talking about peoples private lives (Fox).

And if there is one place in this world where people talking about other people's private lives is actually way of life then this place is Hollywood! Our conversations about the conflicts between characters in soap operas, the relationship problems of supermodels and the marriages, babies and careers of film stars are often indistinguishable from our gossip about friends, neighbors and family. Overhearing such discussions on the street or in a coffee shop, someone who was not familiar with the celebrity names in question could easily conclude that Jennifer Lopez or Brad Pit were friends, relatives or next-door neighbors of the gossipers (and note how concerned they are about J Los eating disorder, but approve of Brads marriage).

"Much of what passes for hard news today is the Hollywood fluff that was relegated to pulp movie magazines when I was a girl" (Norris 71). Kathleen Norris does not seem to like gossip as much as Ondaatje does. Further she says

From the Central Intelligence Agency to Entertainment Tonight, gossip is big business. But in small towns, gossip is still small-time. And as bad as it can be venal, petty, mean. (71)

In Hollywood gossip may be a big business but in the small town in the country it is not. Here you know every person, every passing car; you can even "recognize each other footsteps in the hall" (Norris 7). Gossip makes it hard to breathe, it suffocates you. You do not have privacy; you share your life with everyone else. And "like everyone else, you become public property" (Norris 7).

Even after saying all that, Norris still tries to find the positive side of the gossip. "But gossip is essentially democratic. It may be the plumber, it could be the bank president's wife; everyone is a fair game" (Norris 75). And further "Surprisingly often, gossip is the way small-town people express solidarity" (Norris 75).

And really, is gossip bad? Perhaps the most striking finding of recent research on human conversations is that about two thirds of our conversation time is entirely devoted to social topics discussions of personal relationships and experiences; who is doing what with whom; who is in and who is out and why; how to deal with difficult social situations; the behavior and relationships of friends, family and celebrities; our own problems with lovers, family, friends, colleagues and neighbors; the everyday social life - in one word, gossip. Only about five per cent of gossip-time is devoted to criticism and negative evaluation of others - but this negative gossip has clear social benefits in terms of rule-learning and social bonding (Fox). Norris admits "I would argue that gossip done well can be a holly thing. It can strengthen communal bonds" (Norris 7).

But there is another very interesting prospective of gossip. Gossip actually is a two way communication. You can not start a gossip telling the story to yourself. There has to be somebody ready to listen, to react, and to give you feedback! Imagine how absurd is the situation in which somebody asks the question "Can you keep a secret" and the answer is "No"! We always say "Yes"! Well, at least I always say "Yes". And I do not feel guilty about it. I gossip because gossip helps me to establish, develop and maintain relationships; to bond with other people; to clarify my social position and status; to learn social skills; to reinforce shared values; to resolve conflicts; to win friends and influence people. It is like a magical pill that I take and no matter my social illness is, I am cured.

Michael Ondaatje in "Running in the family" and Kathleen Norris in "Dakota" tell us their stories, take us to their worlds and leave us, after finishing their books, deeply moved. And there is no doubt in my mind why they are so touching. The honesty and the reality in these books are almost shocking. Both authors are so open before us even with Ondaatje's family deepest secrets and with Norris's sometimes embarrassing moments in the small town. This is exactly what gossip is about…

"Can you keep a secret?" Greg asked Alice.

"Of course I can, you know me!" She answered.

Alice was perfectly fine with the idea of hearing something that she was not supposed to hear. On his side Greg was ready to tell something that he was not supposed to tell; to somebody that was not supposed to hear it. Well, one way or another, a simple word could describe this whole process gossip.

Work Cited

Eder, Donna and Enke, Janet Lynne. The Structure of Gossip Opportunities and Constraints on Collective Expression Among Adolescents. American Sociological Review, August 11 44-508.

Fox, Kate. Evolution, Alienation and Gossip. 00. Social Issue Research Center. 5 Nov. 00. http//www.circ.org/~publik~/gossip.htm

Noon and Delbridge. News from Behind my Hand Gossip in Organizations, pp , London Simon&Co, 1.

Norris, Kathleen. Dakota. A spiritual geography. New York A Mariner Book, 1

Ondaatje, Michael. Running in the family. New York Vintage Books, 1

Simple English Dictionary. London Interprint, 18

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The origin of feminism in literature

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The Origin of Feminism

Differences between the genders are not a recent topic. The Romantic, Victorian, and Modern (0th Century) Periods, each had a different perspective and view when it came to writing about women. During the Romantic period, Mary Wollstonecraft sparked the idea of women rights in "A Vindication of the Rights of Women". During the Victorian period, men believed that women should stay at home and take care of the household; they should be angels and guide their husbands on the right path. In the poems, Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" and Christina Rossetti's "In an Artist's Studio" go against this stereotype and show readers how women were being treated. For the Modern Period, Virginia Woolf tries to look at women's oppression from a different side and is written in "A Room of One's Own".

The Romantic period is really not about women's rights, but the beginnings of it. Mary Wollstonecraft is the writer who really introduced the idea of writing like the man. In the passage of "A Vindication of the Rights of Women", she writes of how women were viewed by men, "that the civilized women of the present century, with a few exceptions are only anxious to inspire love, when they ought to cherish a nobler ambition, and by their abilities and virtues exact respect." (pg. 167). Wollstonecraft wanted women to realize how they were being treated. She also wanted women to be more educated, quote, "I wish to persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength, both of mind and body." (pg. 168). Throughout the reading, she points out how women are treated like objects rather than a human.

The beginning of the passage compares the women to a flower and that is how men see women as. A flower brings beauty and pleasure, but that is all that it is good for. Furthermore, she digs into education and sees the disadvantages that women have. Wollstonecraft notes, "men, in their, youth, are prepared for professions, and marriage is not considered as the grand feature in their lives; whilst women, on the contrary, have no other scheme to sharpen their faculties." (pg. 185). Therefore women can not enjoy the same things as men do because the women have never had an education. So in truth, women are not inferior to men, it is just that they were never given a chance. All the books men read show women in characters of love and improvements. Wollstonecraft writes "Novels, music, poetry, and gallantry all tend to make women the creature of sensation, and their character is thus formed in the mold of folly during the time they are acquiring accomplishments, the only improvement they are excited by their station in society, to acquire" (pg. 186). However Wollstonecraft never gives a suggestion of any revolt. She just states her opinion on how women are being treated. That is why the Romantic period was only the beginning of the movement.

Cheap Custom Essays on The origin of feminism in literature

During the Victorian period, women were viewed as the boss when it was related to only a domestic area. They did not learn any skills or go to school. They are in homes to keep their husbands on the right track. The poems "My Last Duchess" and "In an Artist's Studio" both give great examples on showing how women were trapped in their own homes. Robert Browning wrote "My Last Duchess", which talks about a Duke who is about to get married and is showing the messenger a picture of his old wife. As he describes the painting, he tells the story of what kind of person his wife was. He mentions that she was very friendly. "She looked on, and her looks went everywhere" (line 4). "Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule/She rode with round the terrace all and each/" (line 8-). The Duke continues on to say how she was not thankful for being his wife "My gift of a nine hundred years old name" (line ). Furthermore, he tells the messenger that he had ordered her death. He is now happy because she could only smile at him now. "But to myself they turned since none puts by/The curtain I have drawn for you, but I/" (lines -10). Therefore, now, he can control her by keeping her trapped within a picture frame. The last duchess died because she was yearning to go beyond just a frame.

"In An Artist's Studio" by Christina Rossetti gives a similar image as "The Last Duchess" did. In Rossetti's piece, there are many pictures of the same woman; but in different positions. "One face looks out from all his canvases,/One selfsame figure sits or walks or leans;/" (lines 1-). Through all the pictures, the artist is only in love with the image he draws, his perception of who she is. "He feeds upon her face by day and night" (line ), "Not as she is, but was when hope shone bright;/Not as she is, but as she fills his dream/". He does not care about the girl, but only wants to capture that one image that he has on her. This is a typical stereotype they had about women. She could not do anything other than be trapped within a studio and "look" like an angel. These two poems capture this idea by using "frames" to confine the two women and force them into a position where they are pleased to see them. They also showed these portraits as if they were only things or prizes, but never as a human being. The movement of women's rights was little known of in the Victorian period, because they still did not have a backbone in society.

In the Modern Twentieth Century, there was a strong wave of feminism. In the passage "A Room of One's Own" by Virginia Woolf, gave a similar taste as Wollstonecraft did except Woolf focused on literature and writing. Woolf stated that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction; and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of woman and the true nature of fiction unsolved." (pg. 154). She continues on writing of how the men's college is different from a women's college. While going to a luncheon at a men's college, she writes, "But the outside of these magnificent buildings is often as beautiful as the inside" (page 156). She also writes that a lot of rich people donate money to the schools, "Still more money was poured in from the coffins of kings and queens" (pg. 157). Also the food that was served was very rich and was not like a regular lunch. Woolf was so inspired by the environment that she could only think of beautiful poems by Tennyson and Rossetti.

When she went to attend a women's college luncheon, everything was different. The only meal that was served was soup and beef. They did not have the rich and fancy meal as the men's college provided. She then realized that it was so dull that it was impossible to write a beautiful poem. The environment was just not inspirational enough. Therefore when she went to Oxbridge to research her topic on women, she had a very hard time. However, a male student that was sitting next to her was happy and working fast. He was educated and knew where to find his answers. As Woolf sees this, she writes, "Unfortunately, one has had no training in a university, the question far from being shepherded to its pen flies like a frightened flock hither and thither, helter-skelter, pursued by a whole pack of hounds". (pg. 167).

For Woolf, education is the key to improve women in writing and to break away from the stereotype that men have placed on them. She also writes that women are different from men.

It would be a thousand pities if women wrote like men, or lived like men, or looked like men, for if two sexes are quite inadequate, considering the vastness and variety of the world, how should we manage with one only? Ought not education to bring out and fortify the differences rather than the similarities.

Woolf wants women to know that they are different only because of the difference they could bring in such as new ideas and favor it through writing. The reason why women writers are not respected is because they do not have a style of writing as men do because they are not allowed to write. Woolf wants women to start writing and making a root in literature.

All three periods of women rights have moved and progressed step by step, and age by age. Wollstonecraft started with making people realize the need to change but Woolf brought more energy to women in comparing the men's world, and women's world. All three periods have something in common, it tells women to realize that they need to break through the frames that men have built around them.

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Hip-Hop A Revolutionary Art

In all eras of time, various forms of ingenuity and creativity result from artistic, political, personal, and even religious beliefs. Like the Renaissance in Italy produced Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, our new day and age produced Grandmaster Flash and among others who contributed to the growth of what we now express this multi-cultural, universal, and true representation of life -- Hip-Hop. Many eras have died out and faded away as time passed such as Disco music, yet being true to the streets and experiences, hip-hop crosses the boundaries of all and influences a world-wide audience not only in music but in culture. Originating in the ghettos of the East Coast of the United States, through innovations from the fathers of hip-hop such as Afrika Bambaataa to its culture and significant artists such as Ice-T, this movement and its society has been evolving

The first period of hip-hop derived from the traditions in Africa to its prime creation in the early 80's through the originality of Afrika Bambataa, Grandmaster Flash, LL Cool J, and others. First believed to originate in Africa, the tribes told their stories through performances; whoever was the griot, the storyteller, was seen with higher authority. Then in the states, the blacks from the south began to migrate to the north in which they developed ghettos, hoods, and projects. In these parts of town, creativity began to cultivate, as radio DJ's began to rhyme on air and people on the streets began to snap on one another, which created competitiveness. During the 60's and 70's black expression for rights and beliefs heightened as revolutionaries and writers addressed their convictions. With this came music from James Brown, George Clinton, Isaac Hayes, and disco, which heavily influenced the beats and rhythm of most of the hip-hop music to date. Soon enough, after the 70's and going to clubs, people grew tired of the same old repetitive music. Being one of these people, DJ Kool Herc experimented and created looping in the breaks of songs. Paving the way for battling between beat boys in breaks of songs, DJ Kool Herc was a significant figure in initializing hip-hop's culture.

From all of this and DJ'ing, came the birth of the MC. Known as the master of ceremonies or as Rakim called it, move the crowd, the MC's grew from the sidekicks of DJ's who advertised for them. These sidekicks competed with others through rhyming. As the times passed, record labels began to sprout, one of which produced the Sugarhill Gang and their infamous "Rapper's Delight". Adding to the rising culture and new age, Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambataa, and the Furious Five created their own style as they transformed the direction of music. With Bambataa's unique imported beats and Grandmaster Flash's scratching, and the Furious Five's rap's, they among others formed and shaped the foundation of hip-hop and its culture.

What derived from this music was its culture. From its culture out came b-boys and b-girls, graffiti, style, and slang. Defining its trends, people were immersed in break dancing and tagging. People formed breaking groups that compete each other. As the music was evolving, Run DMC and LL Cool J entered the ring, bringing new light into the rap game with their witty and clever verses. Run DMC not only had an impact on the hip-hop world but also that of rock as they helped Aerosmith from disappearing from the scene through their collaboration together in "Walk This Way". This crossover into rock and its growing popularity led hip-hop to become mainstream.

The power of hip-hop has a strong influence on all, as its music began to get more mainstream. Although most of the music was to be enjoyed for dancing and some revealed street life, none have deeply conveyed gang relations explicitly until Ice-T entered the scene. He, followed by N.W.A., introduced gangsta rap. Even though they exposed street life as killing people, dealing drugs, getting "bitches", and loathing the police, they were not real gangstas. Because of their exaggeration of hardcore street life and its explicit lyrics, N.W.A. were not given any real radio play but yet were able to sell to a wide audience, mainly white suburb teenagers who thought this life to be glamorous. Intervening in their actions of hating the police and its image, the F.B.I. urged N.W.A. to take their records off the shelves. This act by the government only ensued more exposure to rap and produced a more fascinating image.

Gangsta rap and its image have greatly influenced the direction of hip-hop in the 0th century. Although there was gangsta rap, acts such as De La Soul, countered the edgy side of life with their mellow and joyous music. Currently, most of the music revolves around gangsta street life shootings, drugs, and women. Encompassing both the feeling of the harsh street life and the upbeat party rhythms, Notorious B.I.G., with the help of producer Sean Combs, instantly became famous to the mainstream audience. As the east coast had Biggies, the west coast had Tupac who under the production of Suge Knight and Dr. Dre helped pave the path for the new form of hip-hop. Both Biggie and Tupac have become legends of our time. After their death, hip-hop has become tiresome and monotonous until the artists began to pay closer attention to what they say and how they express it through their lyrics.

Producing intuitive lyrics, hip-hop renewed its image and excitement, as words now had meaning. Expressing their valuable and meaningful views about their own life through inventive and witty lyrics, Jay-Z, Nas, Eminem, Talib Kweli, and other rising artists have made hip-hop something to look toward to once again.

Starting as just mere scratching and playing other record's beats, hip-hop has evolved to something greater, something that has conquered not only all of America but the whole world. Growing from break dancing and DJ'ing, hip-hop began to take on rhyming with music in its background. This music developed into gangsta rap, which has put hip-hop in the light, in the mainstream of America. For a time, the meaning of hip-hop and its culture was lost until artists began to pay closer attention to the art of rhyming and making sense out of it. Many forms of art and music have died out, but hip-hop has with-standed the test of time and has become a staple of America's culture.

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Please note that this sample paper on So you want access to our archive of free essays and term papers? All you need to do is register and verify your email address! You must use the correct email address in order to activate your account.We do not give out your email address or any other per is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on So you want access to our archive of free essays and term papers? All you need to do is register and verify your email address! You must use the correct email address in order to activate your account.We do not give out your email address or any other per, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on So you want access to our archive of free essays and term papers? All you need to do is register and verify your email address! You must use the correct email address in order to activate your account.We do not give out your email address or any other per will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Jamaica

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Jamaica. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Jamaica paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Jamaica, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Jamaica paper at affordable prices!

What makes the Jamaican culture so unique? This question is one that I've failed to answer and failed to share the answers with people while growing up in America. Because of people making fun and ridiculing me, I've been too afraid and embarrassed to share the beauty of my culture with others. I am happy to say that it is not like that anymore and I am determined to let people know about the place where I'm from. This new found pride in my culture did not come to me until recently, so I take it very seriously.

The Jamaica I know is the place where a lot of my ancestors were from. It was my home for six years of my life and I wouldn't change that for anything. This country is not all about beaches and having a good time. I've seen people go through the hardest times in their lives, but the spirit of the people continues to be "irie," which means everything is all right. This is a motto that Jamaicans live by even when they might not have all the things they need or want, but "we appreciate everything." (Kevin. Personal interview. Dec. 00)

I know that Jamaican parents are by nature very strict. Growing up in my household is a great proof of this. On a school night my brother and I were unable to watch television or go out, because what we had to do for school was the most important thing in my mom's eye. She also expected us to do our chores such as, making our beds, washing the dishes, and sometimes cook. This type of behavior is normal for the typical Jamaican household.

I also know that Jamaica has some of the best food around the world. The food is known to be very spicy and well seasoned. A lot of people that I ask in America about what's the first thought that comes to their minds when they're asked to think of a Jamaican dish, usually say Jerk chicken, but I know there's a lot more different and delicious foods than that. I grew up eating a Jamaican meal every night, even when I moved to Milwaukee.

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Although I knew all of these things about my culture before doing my I-search, there's still a lot more that I don't know and would like to find out to know exactly why our culture is so unique. I hope to discover what makes me a "black" person even though I am Jamaican. Does being "black" just mean being an African American or am I still a "black" woman even though I am not African American? I would also like to know if all Jamaicans are just black people from African ancestry.

Being "black" is not just a color it's a culture. Our culture differs in some ways depending on where you are, but is very similar because of our descendants. Slavery was an important thing in Jamaica for the plantation owners. Slaves were brought from Africa to Jamaica to work. The British, French and the Dutch quickly followed suit, making a transnational industry out of the African slave trade and the super profits that it generated. "The Maroons -independent Africans who thrived in Jamaica after the Spanish left Jamaica and before England seized control in 1655- gained self-rule from the British colonialists in 178 after a protracted guerrilla war. Queen Mother Nanny (Jamaicas only National Heroine) is the best known Maroon leader, along with Accompong and Cudjoe." (A Brief History of Jamaica)

This is the reason why I am a black person. My ancestors were African people just like the African-Americans', the black French's, and all blacks' ancestors. "The rich origin of African descent and the struggle our forefathers endured to get here, " (Thompson, Keron . Personal interview. Dec. 00) is the uniqueness of the culture of black Jamaicans as well as all blacks. The only difference is the title that's given to us. I don't call myself African- Jamaican, but the title African-American is given to the blacks in America. We are black people with similar histories.

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Jamaica is a small island with a lot of different types of people. The island consists of Africans, Afro-Europeans, East Indians and Afro- East Indians, whites, Chinese, and Afro-Chinese, and others, which means there are a lot of different influences and religions. Religions include Protestant, Church of God, Baptist, Anglican, Seventh-day Adventist, Pentecostal, Methodist, United Church, Roman Catholic, and other including some spiritual cults, which was developed in 18.

The official language of Jamaican people is English. English is spoken and understood by all Jamaicans. Patois is a derivative of African, French and the Spanish languages, "This is a very unique aspect of the Jamaican culture," and language. The majority of the people speak patois. (Wilson, Amoy. Personal interview. Dec. 00)

All that I've learned from doing this search is what I want to share with all people, but more specifically black Americans. Throughout my childhood and adulthood I've encountered more black Americans being ignorant about my culture and who I am because I was born in Jamaica than anyone else. For this reason my choice of audience is black Americans. There are many different types of genres that I chose to include in my project. Poetry, art, music, teachings of patios, interviews with Jamaicans, and stories are some of the genres I decided to include in this project.

I specifically chose art and poetry, because the creative and artistic abilities of Jamaican people is a beautiful part of the way we express of our culture and ourselves and that needs to displayed for people to get a better understanding of where we are coming from. This poem is one that best describes what I am talking about.

4.

The Jamaica I see...

by Margaret Bailey _

The Jamaica I see has so many memories

A land of beautiful trees and greenery

I remember the sweet juicy mangos

that when you eat them you dance the tango

The naseberries and guineps, in abundance

as far as you can reach, unless you have vertigo

Cherries, etioti apples, guavas and casava

The fruits of the island with real flavour

Fetes, carnivals, garden parties and sports day

These festivities are all part of our culture

Preserved to enhance our future

Art is a way of life, and the rastaman who avoids strife

Reggae music and Sunsplash, one experience and youll be coming back

Beautiful women with minds as sharp as a tack

striving to be different, never part of a pack

My Jamaica is not faraway

I recall my thoughts and visit everyday.

(Jamaicans.com "out of many one people")

I chose the teachings of patois, because I think this is a very good thing for people to see. To show them that the language is English, but with a different flavor. It's what I spoke for 10 years of my life. As I got older my accent diminished, however it is still a part of me and I will always

5.

understand when a Jamaican says to me, A fe me cyar Translation Its my car. (Jamaicans.com "out of many one people")

Stories are a big part of the Jamaican culture. My friends and I told each other stories just for fun when we got together. My mother would read a story to us every night when we were kids. I loved every moment of it, because the stories she read were my favorite Anansi stories like this one.

Anansi and the Squirrel

Once there was a squirrel that was the smartest in the village. The squirrel walked by a corner and saw a spider named Anansi. Then Anansi asked the squirrel to get him some water.

The squirrel said, Why should I?

Anansi said, I will get you a great dinner.

The squirrel made a deal with Anansi. So the squirrel set of and walked to the stream. Then he gave the water to Anansi.

Anansi said, Thank you, with a grin on his face. That night squirrel waited at his door for Anansi. He wondered. So the squirrel went to Anansis house.

Anansi was singing, I have a slave. He can do my chores ha! ha! ha! I can sit on my web all day ha! ha! ha!

The squirrel said, Ive been tricked! I got an idea!

The next day the squirrel walked by the spiders web.

Anansi said, Can you please give me some water? I will give you a bag of gold.

So the squirrel walked out the gate and climbed up a tree and watched Anansi.

Anansi got very mad and walked out the gate. In the morning squirrel made a fake bird out of leaves and scared Anansi away. Anansi never came back to the village.

Jamaican folklore is a tradition among the adults and the children and stories like this one is very popular wherever you go on the island. (Anansi Stories by Mrs. Weathersbys Third Grade Class April, 001)

I love Jamaican food, music, stories, people, and language. I have a beautiful culture that's different from other cultures, not necessarily better, but very unique. It's a great and very evident part of my personality that I can not hide. I cherish it and will always represent it.

Please note that this sample paper on Jamaica is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jamaica, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Jamaica will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Trial of Socrates

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Socrates often refers to the "good" at his trial, he says "a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or dying' he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrong". Throughout the trial, Socrates refers to virtue, "For I do nothing but go about persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for your persons or your properties, but first and chiefly to care about the greatest improvement of the soul. I tell you that virtue is not given by money, but that from virtue comes money and every other good of man, public as well as private. This is my teaching, and if this is the doctrine which corrupts the youth, I am a mischievous person. But if any one says that this is not my teaching, he is speaking an untruth.()" Socrates was a firm believer that materialistic things such as money wouldn't bring you happiness and wouldn't make you a good person, but that a person needed to gain virtue through himself first. Once a person was able to gain this virtue he could have anything he wanted. Socrates believed that in order to have everything, you needed to lose it all first, and this is what differentiates a good person from a bad person.

Socrates wasn't a man who did good for people to benefit himself, he did good for people to help everyone. At one point he says "What return shall be made to the man who has never had the wit to be idle during whole life; but has been careless of what the many care for-wealth, and family interests, and military offices, and speaking in the assembly, and magistrates, and plots, and parties. Reflecting that I was really too honest a man to be a politician and live, I did not go where I could do no good to you or to myself; but where I could do the greatest good privately to ever one of you, thither I went, and sought to persuade every man among you that he must look to himself, and seek virtue and wisdom before he looks to his private interests, and look to the state before he looks to the interests of the state' and that this should be the order which he observes in all his actions(4)". Socrates believed that these characteristics defined a good quality man verse a poor quality man. A good quality man was one who was willing to give up everything in order to gain virtue. Once a person has this virtue he/she can accomplish anything in life, at least this is what Socrates believed

The main purpose of the trial of Socrates was to punish him for his teachings which he tried to spread throughout the youth. Due to the corruptness of his teachings, Socrates was going to be put to death. Socrates speaks about how death may not be an evil, perhaps it is a reward. "I will not say of myself that I deserve any evil, or propose any penalty. Why should I? Because I am afraid of the penalty of death which Meletus proposes? When I do not know whether death is a good or an evil(4)". Mid-way through the trial Socrates speaks about how the oracle "has constantly been in the habit of opposing me even about trifles, if I was going to make a slip or error in any matter; and now you see there has come upon me that which may be though, and is generally believed to be, the last and worst evil. But the oracle made no sign of opposition, either when I as leaving my house in the morning, or when I was on my way to the court, or while I was speaking, at anything which I was going to say' and yet I have often been stopped in the middle of a speech, but now in nothing I either said or did touching the matter in hand has the oracle opposed me. What do I take to be the explanation of this silence? I will tell you. It is an intimation that what has happened to me is a good, and that those of us who think that death is an evil are in error(5-6)". Due to the fact that the Oracle did not oppose what Socrates had to say, he feels as though death may be his place. Socrates seems to have a positive outlook on death throughout his trial, perhaps it is the fact that he knows he is going die. Whatever the reason may be, Socrates speaks about life after death positively, after all how can you explain the unexplainable.

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Socrates sticks to his beliefs throughout the whole trial, and this shows the true meaning of being himself. This act of being himself is was makes Socrates a "good" person. "Some one will say Yes, Socrates, but cannot you hold your tongue, and then may go into a foreign city, and no one will interfere with you? Now I have great difficulty in making you understand my answer to this. For if I tell you that to do as you say would be a disobedience to the God, and therefore that I cannot hold my tongue, you will not believe that I am serious; and if I say again that daily to discourse about virtue, and of those other things about which you hear me examining myself and others, is the greatest good of man, and that the unexamined life is not worth living, you are still less likely to believe me(5)". Socrates has the chance to move away to a foreign place and never speak of his teachings again in order to avoid death, but why would such a man want to forget about everything that has made him who he is. Socrates would be hypocritical to his teachings if he was to just drop everything to save his own life. What makes Socrates such a strong person is that he would rather die than to stop spreading his knowledge, after all death may be a wonderful thing.

Socrates analyzes death two ways, "Let us reflect in another way, and we shall see that there is a great reason to hope that death is a good; for one of two things-either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another. Now if you suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain.(6)". In the end of the trial Socrates speaks about how death is going to be a wonderful experience for him because he will be able to talk to "Palamedes, and Ajax the son of Telamon, and any other ancient here who has suffered death through an unjust judgment(6)". Before Socrates is put to death he declares "In another world they do not put a man to death for asking questions assuredly not. For besides being happier than we are, they will be immortal, if what is said is true(6)". Socrates always stays with his values throughout the trial, even when he knows he is going to die. The idea of losing everything to gain virtue is displayed when Socrates knows that he is going to die, and he excepts death and looks at the positive outlooks of being dead.

In the eyes of Socrates, any man that is able to speak about what he believes is true, is a greater being. Socrates was willing to die if it meant going against his teachings, or to stop spreading those beliefs. A wise man once said "A man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the change of living or dying; he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrong-acting the part of a good man or of a bad." What Socrates meant by this is simply that a good man will not think about death or life, a good man will only think about being a good or bad person. The definition of a good person is one who is open-minded, and then we are brought to the virtue aspect once again. Being a good person comes from yourself, and in order to become this good person you need to forget about everything else. Socrates lastly requests "When my sons are grown up, I would as you, O my friends, to punish them; and I would have you trouble them, as I have troubled you, if they seem to care about riches, or anything, more than about virtue; or if they pretend to be something when they are really nothing,-then reprove them, as I have reproved you, for not caring about that for which they ought to care, and thinking that they are something when they are really nothing. And if you do this, both I and my sons will have received justice at your hands(7)". Socrates doesn't want his sons to be just like everyone else, he wants them to appreciate who they are. In order for his sons to be considered part of the "good" in society they must have virtue. This virtue is something that can only come from within a person, and as Socrates stated before in order to gain this virtue you need to forget about everything else. If a person spends his/her whole life thinking about death and this prevents him/her from expanding their minds than they are purely a waste. Death is something that nobody alive has experienced, so whose to say that death is such a negative thing.

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Why study media? discussing the european verses american traditions

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There are various reasons why it is important to study the media. This maybe for those who will pursue a career in the media, for some it may be acting, production, behind the camera, web page designing to litterally countless other career options. Other people may be interested in studying the media because they want to be informed users. It would be considered virtually impossible to go through a day, in the developed world, and not be in contact with the media. People are constantly surrounded by television, radio, messages on paper and online. Through the study of media it is hoped the user will become more informed and able to make decisions on how much they will allow the media to influence them.

The relationship between the media and the world is a complicated one. Media texts do not simply reflect reality. Because of this we need to be able to interpret media texts to determine what information we allow to shape our sense of the world and place in it. The media can change our way of looking at the world by presenting us with information we would not normally have access too. Media is considered powerful because of the strong influence it can exert on society, study of the media gives an introspective on the nature of the influence. Media literacy is about giving a deeper perspective on the manufactured media.

Thompson (15) argues that our sense of identity in part comes through interaction with media text. An individual meets with ideas he/she would not normally experience. Our consumption of media text takes place in a pre-existing framework of social and cultural relations. Our understanding of media text is therefor already mediated by those other

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social relationships.

Media studies are a relatively new discipline, and as such have had to respond quickly to the development of the mass media. Media its self is also constantly changing and changing at a fast pace. There have been large changes just in the last few years with the accessibility of the Internet.

Media messages can be presented from many different angles and have many layers of meanings. Political power or the ownership of a large media company may determine the perspective of its messages. Although the majority of a company may be owned by many shareholders generally the control of the company is in the hands of the Chef Executive Officer. It may be a concern that too much power is placed in too fewer hands. Rodman (001) notes after years of expressing concern about newspaper monopolies, the U.S. Congress passed the Newspaper Prevention Act in 170. This law allowed local papers to set up joint operating agreements, in which two competing papers could share printing facilities and business staff, without violating federal antitrust laws. The idea was to encourage both papers to stay alive by allowing them to enjoy some of the same economies of scale that a single chain owner would have.

Economical power can have an influence on the perspective with which media present their messages. Almost all mass media are moneymaking businesses, and as such they try to make as large a profit as possible. Individuals in the media are undoubtedly influenced by commercial pressure. Only after sorting through the economic complexity in the media can we determine the media's perspective.

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There are a number of techniques to textual analysis. When studying media it is important to look at the significance of different approaches. Keeping in mind that as McKee (001) states "when we perform textual analysis on a text, we make an educated guess at some of the most likely interpretations that might be made of that text".

There is no specific, true or correct interpretation of text; it is however, critical to study media and its effects on society. That is why it is important to consider different approaches to studying media.

Two traditions have shaped media studies. Theoretical traditions in media and communication contrasted research methods of 'European' or 'American'. Both traditions have developed specific analytic principals. The European method developed out of literary and linguistic foundations, while the American developed from social science disciplines. The principals do not belong to one geographic region; they are merely grouped under these banners. With a mingling of theories, a hybrid method allows different aspects to of both approaches when studying media.

Both try to determine what is the role of mass media and why it is so important in our society. They have different understandings of the way society works and different understandings of what communication is. Therefore approaching the study of media in different ways and come up with very different results.

The European tradition is macro in scope, with the perspective of studying media as a whole, looking not just at the message but the production and ownership of media. Strongly influenced by the Marxist view of society the European tradition sees economy as fundamental to the structure of society. With the understanding that society is

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structured by the need to produce to function, then those who have means of production have the power. In Marxism the media are owned by the upper class and work to the benefit and profit of the owner, and the media are seen to reflect the inequality in society. Media is considered a major form through which ideology is circulated. This is the ideological critique of the media - the idea that the media, taken together, form a institution within capitalism which serves to reconcile the exploited class to its fate. Sinclar (00).

European theory provides a way of thinking about media and power, media and ownership, and the structural organisation of media. There is a focus on how media is produced and distributed, which assists in explaining and analysing raw material.

The European tradition does not focus strongly on message content and its effect. It is not concerned with the consumption of media text by the audience, or analysing statistics on media content.

The American empirical tradition has a micro perspective, focusing on content analysis. With the theory based on a scientific model the principals of the theory were legitimated. based on the then emergent behavioural sciences such as psychology. Like positivism, such sciences were based on forming knowledge through direct observation, including laboratory experiments Sinclar (00).

Functionalism (Consensus theory) underpins the American tradition, with the view that society operates in uniform understandings and similar moral codes. The world is seen as highly structured which allows society to function with the belief that laws are just

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because of consensus. The role of mass media is seen as an institution for reproducing societies norms, values and attitudes. Assumptions are made that the audience is largely passive and does not have to work hard to understand media messages.

American tradition attempts to predict audience reaction, with the theory that messages illicite a particular kind of reaction. Demonstrating a direct relation between media and audience; the principal of stimulus and response.

As a stand-alone tradition there are a number of limitations to consider. It does not explain how or why society continually changes. The aspect of power is not deeply explored in relation to why one group can have control over another in society. It sees conflict only as deviate because society is based on consensus.

Being able to criticise and analyse media messages allows us to understand how the media affects our lives. Briefly, the origins of two main techniques European and American have been examined. These may not be the only theories of study, however, they form a sound approach by varying the way of analysing information thus greater depth may be gained on the subject. Regardless of the reasons for studying the media, by not simply taking all media messages at face value, a greater breadth of knowledge can be gained. This can lead to more empowered decisions being made as to what effect we will allow the media to have on our lives.

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References

McKee,A. A beginners Guide to Textual Analysis Metro Magazine. No.17/18, 001

Rodman,G. Making Sense of Media. An introduction to mass communication. New York, Allyn & Bacon, 001

Sinclar,J. Media and Communications Theoretical Traditions in S. Cunningham and G. Turner(eds), The Media & Communications in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 00.

Thompson,J.B. Self and Experience in a Mediated World. The Media and Modernity A Social Theory of the Media, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 15, pp.0-1.

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Please note that this sample paper on Why study media? discussing the european verses american traditions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Why study media? discussing the european verses american traditions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Why study media? discussing the european verses american traditions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Experience in Company

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The experience curve has important strategic implications. If a firm is able to gain market share over its competitors, it can develop a cost advantage. Penetration pricing strategies and a significant investment in advertising, sales personnel, production capacity, etc. can be justified to increase market share and gain a competitive advantage.

When evaluating strategies based on the experience curve, a firm must consider the reaction of competitors who also understand the concept. Some potential pitfalls include

•The fallacy of composition holds if all other firms equally pursue the strategy, then none will increase market share and will suffer losses from over-capacity and low prices. The more competitors that pursue the strategy, the higher the cost of gaining a given market share and the lower the return on investment.

•Competing firms may be able to discover the leading firms proprietary methods and replicate the cost reductions without having made the large investment to gain experience.

•New technologies may create a new experience curve. Entrants building new plants may be able to take advantage of the latest technologies that offer a cost advantage over the older plants of the leading firm.

In the 160s, management consultants at The Boston Consulting Group observed a consistent relationship between the cost of production and the cumulative production quantity (total quantity produced from the first unit to the last). Data revealed that the real value-added production cost declined by 0 to 0 percent for each doubling of cumulative production quantity

The Experience Curve

The vertical axis of this logarithmic graph is the real unit cost of adding value, adjusted for inflation. It includes the cost that the firm incurs to add value to the starting materials, but excludes the cost of those materials themselves, which are subject the experience curves of their suppliers.

Note that the experience curve differs from the learning curve. The learning curve describes the observed reduction in the number of required direct labor hours as workers learn their jobs. The experience curve by contrast applies not only to labor intensive situations, but also to process oriented ones.

The experience curve relationship holds over a wide range industries. In fact, its absence would be considered by some to be a sign of possible mismanagement. Cases in which the experience curve is not observed sometimes involve the withholding of capital investment, for example, to increase short-term ROI. The experience curve can be explained by a combination of learning (the learning curve), specialization, scale, and investment.

Implications for Strategy

The experience curve has important strategic implications. If a firm is able to gain market share over its competitors, it can develop a cost advantage. Penetration pricing strategies and a significant investment in advertising, sales personnel, production capacity, etc. can be justified to increase market share and gain a competitive advantage.

When evaluating strategies based on the experience curve, a firm must consider the reaction of competitors who also understand the concept. Some potential pitfalls include

•The fallacy of composition holds if all other firms equally pursue the strategy, then none will increase market share and will suffer losses from over-capacity and low prices. The more competitors that pursue the strategy, the higher the cost of gaining a given market share and the lower the return on investment.

•Competing firms may be able to discover the leading firms proprietary methods and replicate the cost reductions without having made the large investment to gain experience.

•New technologies may create a new experience curve. Entrants building new plants may be able to take advantage of the latest technologies that offer a cost advantage over the older plants of the leading firm.

In the 160s, management consultants at The Boston Consulting Group observed a consistent relationship between the cost of production and the cumulative production quantity (total quantity produced from the first unit to the last). Data revealed that the real value-added production cost declined by 0 to 0 percent for each doubling of cumulative production quantity

The Experience Curve

The vertical axis of this logarithmic graph is the real unit cost of adding value, adjusted for inflation. It includes the cost that the firm incurs to add value to the starting materials, but excludes the cost of those materials themselves, which are subject the experience curves of their suppliers.

Note that the experience curve differs from the learning curve. The learning curve describes the observed reduction in the number of required direct labor hours as workers learn their jobs. The experience curve by contrast applies not only to labor intensive situations, but also to process oriented ones.

The experience curve relationship holds over a wide range industries. In fact, its absence would be considered by some to be a sign of possible mismanagement. Cases in which the experience curve is not observed sometimes involve the withholding of capital investment, for example, to increase short-term ROI. The experience curve can be explained by a combination of learning (the learning curve), specialization, scale, and investment.

Implications for Strategy

The experience curve has important strategic implications. If a firm is able to gain market share over its competitors, it can develop a cost advantage. Penetration pricing strategies and a significant investment in advertising, sales personnel, production capacity, etc. can be justified to increase market share and gain a competitive advantage.

When evaluating strategies based on the experience curve, a firm must consider the reaction of competitors who also understand the concept. Some potential pitfalls include

•The fallacy of composition holds if all other firms equally pursue the strategy, then none will increase market share and will suffer losses from over-capacity and low prices. The more competitors that pursue the strategy, the higher the cost of gaining a given market share and the lower the return on investment.

•Competing firms may be able to discover the leading firms proprietary methods and replicate the cost reductions without having made the large investment to gain experience.

•New technologies may create a new experience curve. Entrants building new plants may be able to take advantage of the latest technologies that offer a cost advantage over the older plants of the leading firm.

In the 160s, management consultants at The Boston Consulting Group observed a consistent relationship between the cost of production and the cumulative production quantity (total quantity produced from the first unit to the last). Data revealed that the real value-added production cost declined by 0 to 0 percent for each doubling of cumulative production quantity

The Experience Curve

The vertical axis of this logarithmic graph is the real unit cost of adding value, adjusted for inflation. It includes the cost that the firm incurs to add value to the starting materials, but excludes the cost of those materials themselves, which are subject the experience curves of their suppliers.

Note that the experience curve differs from the learning curve. The learning curve describes the observed reduction in the number of required direct labor hours as workers learn their jobs. The experience curve by contrast applies not only to labor intensive situations, but also to process oriented ones.

The experience curve relationship holds over a wide range industries. In fact, its absence would be considered by some to be a sign of possible mismanagement. Cases in which the experience curve is not observed sometimes involve the withholding of capital investment, for example, to increase short-term ROI. The experience curve can be explained by a combination of learning (the learning curve), specialization, scale, and investment.

Implications for Strategy

The experience curve has important strategic implications. If a firm is able to gain market share over its competitors, it can develop a cost advantage. Penetration pricing strategies and a significant investment in advertising, sales personnel, production capacity, etc. can be justified to increase market share and gain a competitive advantage.

When evaluating strategies based on the experience curve, a firm must consider the reaction of competitors who also understand the concept. Some potential pitfalls include

•The fallacy of composition holds if all other firms equally pursue the strategy, then none will increase market share and will suffer losses from over-capacity and low prices. The more competitors that pursue the strategy, the higher the cost of gaining a given market share and the lower the return on investment.

•Competing firms may be able to discover the leading firms proprietary methods and replicate the cost reductions without having made the large investment to gain experience.

•New technologies may create a new experience curve. Entrants building new plants may be able to take advantage of the latest technologies that offer a cost advantage over the older plants of the leading firm.

Please note that this sample paper on Experience in Company is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Experience in Company, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Experience in Company will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment .Live Paper Helpand you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Disaster

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Disaster. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Disaster paper right on time.

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Chemical and Biological Disaster Response

Four events of the 10s significantly sharpened the nations perception of chemical-biological warfare. First, Saddam Hussein used intermediate-range Scud missiles to demonstrate the possibility of operating in a contaminated environment during the Persian Gulf War. Second, the World Trade Center bombing in 1 demonstrated that foreign terrorists could not only operate on American soil, but could launch a chemical/biological attack.[1] Third, the Oklahoma City bombing in 15 proved that domestic terrorists could harm the nation as well. And fourth, the sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway by the Aum Shinrikyo cult made chemical warfare a reality. [1] A United Nations report from 16 defines chemical warfare agents as ..chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man, animals and plants.... The Chemical Weapons Convention defines chemical weapons as including not only toxic chemicals but also ammunition and equipment for their dispersal. Toxic chemicals are stated to be ... any chemical which, through its chemical effect on living processes, may cause death, temporary loss of performance, or permanent injury to people and animals [1].

A number of agencies are involved in domestic preparedness. The National Security Council is the interagency consequence management coordinator; the Justice Department, through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, handles crisis management and is responsible for preventing any attacks; the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for consequence management after an attack; and first-responders include local municipalities and state governments.

The United States responded to the threat of terrorism and chemical/biological warfare when President Clinton signed PDD- in June 15, PDD-6 in May 18, and the 17 National Defense Authorization Act. The latter included the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 16, also known as the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment.[5] The statute and presidential directives are the foundation of our nations counter terrorism response. It provide's guidance to federal agencies and state agencies.

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Following the PDD- signing, other terrorist acts reinforced the belief that it is not a matter of if, but rather of when terrorists will strike with biological or chemical weapons. As Senator Richard Lugar commented in 15, Americans have every reason to expect a nuclear, biological, or chemical attack before the decade is over.[6] Discovery of Saddam Husseins weapons of mass destruction projects reinforced the American fear of them combining terrorism with a chemical or biological weapon.[7]

Additionally, political wording concerning weapons of mass destruction attacks was dramatized, exaggerated, and eventually sensationalized in films. For example movies such as The Rock, Outbreak, and Twelve Monkeys. The most important factor in the creation of an American chemical/biological response was the changing nature of acts of terrorism itself, though the United States abandoned and destroyed its biological program in 17 following the approval of the Biological Weapons Convention Treaty

The Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 16 (the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 17) advocated the training of first-responders to deal with a weapons of mass destruction terrorist incidents. In 17, the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness Program began training first-responders firefighters, police, and emergency medical technicians in over 115 U.S. cities. As part of this program, the military specifically was tasked to develop and maintain at least one domestic terrorism rapid response team composed of members of the armed forces . . . capable of aiding federal, state, and local officials in the detection, neutralization, containment, disassembly, and disposal of weapons of mass destruction containing chemical, biological, or related material.[] The Secretary of Defense designated the Secretary of the Army to serve as Executive Agent for the coordination of this mission and to develop a Domestic Preparedness Plan.[10]

More than 85 years of experience in defending against biological and chemical weapons and 50 years of experience in nuclear defense made the Department Of Defense the most knowledgeable and resourceful department available.

The Department of Justice, through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is responsible for crisis management of domestic terrorist incidents. State governments have primary responsibility for consequence management in cases of domestic disasters, including major terrorist attacks; the federal government, under Federal Emergency Management Agency, can respond to state and local requests for support under the Federal Response Plan. This plan outlines the roles, responsibilities, and emergency support functions of various federal agencies.

There are numerous local, state, and federal organizations that can perform consequence management. For example, the General Accounting Office reports that over 600 local and state HAZMAT teams exist in the United States to assess and act on accidents involving highly toxic chemicals and other hazardous materials.[11] In addition, numerous federal organizations provide advice, technical experts, and equipment to local incident commanders.

States and local municipalities have begun meeting the consequence management requirement with their own internal resources because of their increased understanding. In a 1 General Accounting Office report, many state officials indicated that they maintained a reliable consequence management capability and that their own experienced technicians can not only perform sufficient detection and identification to begin to handle the situation, but also work in the stressful, dangerous environment.[11] Some states stopped relying on the use of federal assets in some areas because they could not arrive in time to be effective, since the federal and military units do not operate routinely with any existing state programs. State officials dismiss the idea of fully relying on federal assets because of concerns about their availability and responsiveness if the state ever needed them.[10]

When dealing with any potential incident, past experience has taught us that the first necessary task is to secure the area and determine the nature and severity of the threat. In the past several instances of terroristic attacks/incidents it has been reported that a secondary device/incident has been targeted at emergency responders (I.e. police, fire fighters and other emergency responders at the scene) in attempt to harm or kill rescuers and disrupt the emergency operations.

In most cases, a primary and secondary secured perimeter must be established and a thorough search of the perimeters must be a priority to the first responders. In the event of a biological or chemical attack/release, a large downwind area may also need to be secured and evacuated. This will minimize civilian casualties.

The second problem involving a attack/release of a chemical or biological agent, is identification. As is the case in most common industrial hazardous-materials accidents, the first priority in the management of the incident involves determining the identity and physical properties of the substance that has been released. It is only after the chemical/biological identity is determined that an effective outer perimeter can be established.

A serious consideration that needs to be taken by first responders (I.e. officers, fire fighters, etc) is that most civilian emergency service agencies (including hazardous materials teams) currently don't have the effective testing equipment to help identify most chemical or biological agents that might have been used or present at a scene [1].

The primary functions that must be performed at any chemical/biological attack/release remain fairly consistent nation wide, from state to state, and city to city. The first responder, usually a police officer, should make the initial call to close and evacuate the area, determine the needs (I.e.. activation of other multi agencies), and to alert the FAA, Emergency Management Division and others as needed. The top twenty actions that must be taken will generally involve the following and most of these actions will more than likely occur simultaneous [1].

1. Incident Size-up and assessment [1]

. Scene Control/establishment of perimeter(s) [1]

. Product Identification/information gathering [1]

4. Pre-entry examination and determination [1]

5. Establishment of a decontamination area [1]

6. Entry planning/preparation of equipment [1]

7. Entry into a contaminated area & rescue of victims [1]

8. Containment of spill/release [1]

. Neutralization of spill/release [1]

10. Decontamination of victims/patients/rescuers [1]

11. Triage of ill/injured [1]

1. Basic life support care [1]

1. Hospital/expert consultation [1]

14. ALS care/specific antidotes [1]

15. Transport of patients to appropriate hospital [1]

16. Post-Entry evaluation examination of rescuers/equipment [1]

17. Complete stabilization of the incident/collection of evidence [1]

18. Delegation of final clean up to responsible party [1]

1. Record-keeping/after-action reporting [1]

0. Complete analysis of actions/recommendations to action plan [1]

[,,4]

In order to effectively perform their duties at a chemical/biological release everyone must understand some basic toxicology principals. Too little of this training is available for our local and state law enforcement officers and staff. As in any crisis, the local Police, Fire departments, and EMS agencies will be immediately responsible for an operation involving a chemical/biological release and casualties [1].

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Comparison of Survival in Auschwitz and Into that Darkness

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During World War II, the tragedy that unfolded in regards to the Holocaust was horribly atrocious. Many were imprisoned and died in unimaginable ways. The hideousness that the Germans demonstrated was beyond comprehension to the outside world. It was undoubtedly far worse for the victims within who witnessed the acts against humanity every day as they somehow survived the concentration camps. Some survived by aiding the Nazis, but most survived by luck or sheer force of will. While it cannot be assumed that there are no great emotional scars remaining for the survivors, some of whom have taken their own lives since, it is quite evident that the strength many of these survivors, including Primo Levi, demonstrated was almost impossible in the face of devastating odds. Then there are those on the other side of the spectrum. The Nazi officers, whose cruelty and horrendous acts caused so much pain and suffering, were in a way imprisoned themselves. A good example of this is the story of Franz Stangl, who was a commandant of Treblinka extermination camp. Human beings will go to desperate measures and do things that are usually unthinkable when their lives are threatened, even if it means participating in the destruction of others. This paper will examine the lives of Franz Stangl as commandant of Treblinka and Primo Levi as a prisoner of Auschwitz. Their lives as an officer and a prisoner will be compared and contrasted and will show how these roles sometimes overlap each other.

Life as a Jew in Nazi Germany was a time of great oppression. Many of them were discriminated against, put into ghettos and ultimately sent to concentration or extermination camps. Primo Levi was a man who endured almost a year inside the horrible walls of Auschwitz. Life in the concentration camp was very difficult to tolerate. Food was scarce to the Jewish prisoners, clothing was inadequate and living conditions were ghastly. Primo Levi tells of his time there at Auschwitz. He arrived in a train car fit for cattle that was so crowded one could only stand and hope that their would be enough air to go around. This was only the beginning of the horror that was about to come. After arriving in the camp and settling in it turned into a game of survival.

Levi tells of his accounts in the camp. They were served a meager meal of watery soup and a small ration of bread which was as good as money used to barter within the camp. The prisoners, Haftling as they were called, were assigned to a block and a bed companion. There was roll call every morning before the long and laborious day of work began and were required to wash up in the latrine, which was in repulsive condition and seemed to defeat the purpose.

The Ka-Be was the camp's hospital. Levi was sent there for a wound he had. There he learned that time at the Ka-Be was a time for rest. As long as you were not too sick as to not be useful anymore. Levi took advantage of this time and used it to gain his strength and health back. Time spend in the Ka-Be was peaceful compared to life in the labor camp. In the Ka-Be, the patients were allowed to rest all day, rising only for inspection, cleaning and meals. He told of those who used their initial sickness to spend as much time in the Ka-Be as possible. One man, who had to show proof of his unending diarrhea would bribe someone with diarrhea and switch the buckets to show the nurses his proof.

After spending time in the camp, one learns how to survive and use every resource possible in order to survive. Levi also gets to be part of the Chemical Kommando and the laboratory which is good because his work load lightens and he is sheltered from the extreme cold. Levi ends his story with his next visit to the Ka-Be. He is admitted for scarlet fever and is indeed entitled to forty days of rest. But, during that time, the war was breaking out and the Russians were on their way so the camp was abandoned. Everyone and anyone that was well enough to walk was brought along and those who were too ill were left. Levi was one of those who stayed and this began his story of ten days.

After the camp was abandoned, the Russians came and bombed the place but Levi was lucky enough that his building only sustained minor damage. The next ten days were rough which included hunts for food, scavenging for heat sources and keeping everyone in his hut safe. These ten days of hardship ended with the rescue of these men back to freedom.

Levi lived as a prisoner in the concentration camp. He was an Italian Jew and therefore sentenced to a life of labor and imminent premature death. As he adjusted to life in the concentration camp, he learned to cope with the fact that this was his fate and that he should accept it. Franz Stangl, the commandant of Treblinka, although on the opposite end of the field, thought his fate was set as well and that he should accept it. He tells of his accounts of being an ss officer of Treblinka, not by choice, but he claims by implied force.

Gitta Sereny spends over 70 hours conducting interviews with Franz Stangl in the prison he was being held while awaiting his appeal. She not only interviews him but also his wife, family, friends and anyone who had contact with the man. He tells of his stories as commandant of Nazi extermination camps and his rationalization for each of the crimes he committed against mankind.

Stangl began as a police officer and soon after was in charge of the T4, Euthanasia programme. There he aided in the destruction of individuals who were ill or handicapped. From Sobibor to Treblinka, Stangl continued his reign as kommandant and also continued, although not first-hand, to claim the lives of Jewish citizens.

During that time Stangl was already married with children, although he spent most of his time at the camp and away from his family. He probably saw them only a few times a year. It is hard to imagine how a man could take part in a scheme to wipe out an entire race, especially when he had a family at home. When he was asked how he viewed the Jewish people who came in on trains and on their way to be exterminated, he said he saw them as cattle and inhuman. He never did compare those innocent people to his own family and how he would feel if they were being randomly exterminated. For me, this showed another side of Franz Stangl. Throughout the book, he always portrayed himself to be one of the victims. He said he did not have a choice to quit what he was doing for fear of being killed. It is almost as if he saw himself as a prisoner as well but after that statement, there was no longer an ounce of me that could empathize with him. It was at this point that I really saw Stangl, no longer as a victim of the Third Reich but as a perpetrator of the worst kind.

At first I felt sorry for him. It really did seem like he was being forced to stay and be part of Hitler's final solution. He mentioned that he did not know exactly what was going on at first and that he was in a way kept in the dark about what was really happening. Then when he did find out exactly what was happening it was too late for him to leave safely. Like Levi, he was kept there against his free will but the only difference is that Stangl ultimately could have left if he chose. Levi was a prisoner who was heavily guarded and exposed to terrible conditions while Stangl was one of those guards who lived a comfortable life and didn't stop what he was doing because he feared punishment from higher authorities. In my opinion, any real man who did not want to participate in the murder of thousands of people would have refused even if it meant risking their own life. But it was interesting to read about Stangl who seemed to honestly think that he did not have as much fault as he was being accused of. The fact that he escaped the first time he was captured and then appealed the second time he was captured showed that he did not feel remorse or guilt about anything he had done. He had a rationale for everything he did that he thought exonerated him from guilt. The examination of his conscience showed that he did not really have one. His twisted mind turned everything around so that he could wash his hands of any guilt. This aspect of him really disgusted me. His self portrayal as a victim was utterly ridiculous.

In Auschwitz, Levi lived the life of a prisoner. This was a case of a true victim. A man who was forced into a concentration camp and forced to do slave labor. Even though the population that inhabited the camp were all prisoners they lived by rules of survival. Some of the victims turned into perpetrators. They stole from other prisoners and made life more difficult. Prisoners had to guard their belongings very carefully or else they would be stolen. Levi did not succumb to this type of attitude but he did learn a few tricks that would help him along while he was there.

The point I am trying to make is that when it comes down it, we will do anything to survive. The conditions that arise and threaten us are up to the individual to interpret but when one thinks he is in danger he will do almost anything to alleviate it. The tragedy that struck the Jews of World War II was a terrible atrocity and the fact that it went on so long and took so many lives make it almost impossible to fathom but the reality is that it did happen and there is no excuse that can justify those acts. Anyone that took part in these acts should be punished regardless of their reasoning for participation. The things that happened were inexcusable then and still inexcusable now sixty years later.

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ALCOHOLISM A TRUE STORY

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As a young child I witnessed the horrible effects that alcoholism can have on a person. I struggled with the harsh reality of my mother having to caress a bottle of Jack Daniels every night before retiring to bed. I knew children my age who always told stories of horrifying things their parents would do after a long night of drinking and yet the majority of them couldn't wait until they could get their hands on a bottle of liquor themselves. My mother would make a fool of her self at times, screaming and yelling in public. She often grew violent; never with me, but often with my father. I vividly remember when she would pass-out after a long night of drinking and would wake up two days later believing she had only slept one night. Through each experience I was able to grow stronger and learned to overcome all obstacles that were laid before me.

July 4th, 18. I was nine years old. It was supposed to be night out with the family. A day to relax, eat and have some fun. My family drove to the top of the mountains to watch the fireworks light up the night sky. We had only been up there five minutes before my mother was ranting and raging about her bottle of whiskey. My brother and I scoured the car and stumbled across her "jug" in the trunk. I quickly gave it to her. She often threw tantrums like a baby and liquor was her only pacifier. It was growing closer to the moment the sky would be filled with beautiful lights and loud sounds. I hurriedly began laying a blanket across the front of the car for my siblings and I to sit, when behind me I heard a shuffling of feet. I figured it was my mother stumbling around trying to find a place to sit. Suddenly a loud smack rang out; it seemed to echo between the mountains. I ran to the back of the car and sitting there with his eyes filled with tears was my father. I knew he couldn't be crying because my mom just laid the loudest slap ever heard on him. I didn't see my mom she had wondered off somewhere, so I knelt down beside my dad and said "whats wrong?" He always told me "nothing" and I would let it be. I knew this time was different. He started bawling. I had never seen my father so upset. He continued by telling me that he just wanted the day to go perfect, have a fun time, no drinking, no fighting just a no-nonsense kind of night and once again my mother ruined it. She just had to drink and get physically violent. I never remember seeing the fireworks only my father cry. I was happy that only my immediate family was there that night mommy slapped daddy. It made it much easier to hide our little family secret of moms' alcoholism, but that all changed in one night a couple years later.

It seemed we were making progress, my mom had cut back and the family was growing stronger. During the "sobering mom up" phase my dad had cut back on saying "yes" to every family gathering or company party. She seemed to hold her self together at most functions but we always knew there was chance that she may just go crazy if she had to much to drink.

Around December of 1 the mailman delivered another elaborate wedding invitation. After reading the long list of information of when and where you had no choice but to read the huge print along the bottom that read OPEN BAR. Normally this meant we were not going so I figured my father would turn this invitation down, as he had the last couple of invitations that read OPEN BAR. This time he didn't. I guess he figured my mom could handle herself, after all she was making a change for the better. I was still fearful of that day my mom would go bonkers in front of the family.

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A month or two went by and it was time to go to the wedding. It was all I thought about the last few weeks. I was so worried about my mom drinking. We arrived and my mom headed straight for the bar. I thought to myself " I knew it." This was going to be night from hell. I kept my eye on her the entire time; she often would wander off when she drank heavily. She turned around and she had a small bottle of ice cold water in her hand. I just smiled. The night continued and my mom had not touched an ounce of alcohol. She was civil, she danced and seemed to be having a great time. The bride and groom were going around to each table toasting with every guest. I was on the dance floor when I glanced over, only to see my mom gently tap her glass with the hosts and take a large sip of champagne. My mom had been under control the whole night. A simple toast couldn't change that, right? I was never so wrong in my entire life. My mom had "fallen off the wagon" right before my eyes. The demon was back. Sandy didn't waste anytime strolling to the bar. "Whiskey straight up", she said to the bartender. I wanted him to scream " bar closed!" Instead he poured her a shot of some cheap whiskey and handed it to her. I watched he for about an hour chug down drink after drink, she was a one woman-drinking machine all over again. I sat down beside her as the night grew darker and her speech became more and more slurred. Her words or thoughts were not making sense and pretty soon it was pure babble coming from her drunken lips. My dad had made a comment to her to slow down a bit; he was trying to be very discreet. My mom began to scream and yell vulgar absurdities. My world came crashing down, the most horrible thing that could ever happen was happening. My mom was screaming at anyone that would try to calm her down. This crazy woman was cursing at small children, flailing her arms in the air. Her words were so coagulated no one could understand her. Small children were frightened by this dark demon that had arose from hell. This scene went on for about fifteen minutes. People were beginning to talk, some even left. No one was having a good time anymore this creature from the darkness had destroyed another perfect night. Her eyes glistened in the light and her voice crackled more and more with each scream. Suddenly, she snapped she threw herself to the ground and began crying. I believe in this very instant she began to realize how serious her drinking had become, how idiotic she had made herself look and how embarrassed her family must be. The night ended with an apology from my father to the bride and groom. My daddy carried my mommy to the car and we were off to the safest place in the world, home.

There were many times I was unable wake my mom up. I was very scared and frightened. I would first watch to make sure she was breathing before I touched her. I was afraid she would be dead and the thought of touching a dead body made me cringe. After I established she was breathing I would gently shake her. Her eyes opened slightly and closed immediately.

I came home early from school on a Friday afternoon and my mom was passed out on the couch. It was pretty normal to check if my mom was breathing and try to wake her up and today was no different. As always her eyes open and closed and she was in her dreamland. I went about my usual, cleaning up and starting dinner. I never tried to be quite because I wanted my mom to be awake when I was home, she was funny when she was sober and I enjoyed her company. It was getting late and my brother and sister both came home from school and were being loud as ever. Mom still did not wake up. The sun began to go down and dad came strolling in and still mom was passed out on the couch. I tried waking her once more for dinner and she did the same thing open, shut and back to sleep. My dad carried mom to bed and laid her down, she looked so peaceful.

I woke up late the next morning and normally mom was up. She was still in bed. I went outside played for a while and came back in to see if she was awake. I checked her breathing to make sure and my dad walked in and said "mom is breathing she's just really tired, go play." Lunch and dinner passed. Night came again and I hadn't heard a peep from my mom. Was she alive? I knew there was possibility she could always drink herself to death, she would laydow and never get up again. I always feared I would be the one to find her. The next morning I woke up it was Sunday now and mom was happy as ever. "Good morning sunshine!" She was cooking breakfast and she was so beautiful sober. I asked her why she had slept so long and she giggled. She replied " only a few hours longer than you." I said " mom you've been asleep since Friday afternoon." "And it's Saturday, what the big deal?" I had to think for a moment. "Nope it's Sunday." She continued to argue with me and finally my dad walked around the corner, he was listening in the living room. With a stern voice said "it's Sunday, you slept all day yesterday, which was Saturday and now your awake, get with it woman." My mom had this perplexed look upon her face, she really thought it was Saturday. I could tell she was embarrassed. She had done this once or twice before, but realized it before we confronted her and always had a good cover up story to lay on us. It was one of her drunken acts, drink, pass out, sleep and rise again to start all over. I was very used to this by now. I shrugged it off and continued on my way.

My mom and dad eventually split up. She is now back "on the wagon" and sober since 1, the year I graduated. It was her present to me. I grew up watching a horrible demon control the heart of a wonderful woman and it haunted me everyday. Dealing with her attitude, violent acts and her continuous drunken outbursts helped me grow as a person. I was able to take all the obstacles in front of me and turn them into learning paths. I learned that if you want your life to change you have to make it change. I am twenty-one years old now, I drink occasionally and my life is where I want it to be. Sometimes I sit and wonder how I would be if my mother wasn't so foolish. Would I have the same outlook on life? Would I be so driven? I guess I'll never know.

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